Viscount Catherine's former lover and Clarissa's father was Richard DelaCroix. Many portraits in her collection were by Jean Clouet (14801541) and his son Franois Clouet (c.1510 1572). Their sister Mary of Guise had married James V of Scotland in 1538 and was the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots. Clement summoned Catherine from her beloved convent to join him in Rome where he greeted her with open arms and tears in his eyes. He was also healthier, though he suffered from weak lungs and constant fatigue. [3] In practice, her authority was limited by the effects of the civil wars. Catherine and the king then beat her, ripping her nightclothes and pulling out handfuls of her hair.[71]. Your email address will not be published. [43] Others they drowned in the river or strung up around the battlements while Catherine and the court watched. Unlike the proposals of Poissy, the edict was law, which the Protestants accepted and the Catholics rejected. To create the necessary dramas, music, and scenic effects for these events, Catherine employed the leading artists and architects of the day. They chose therefore to strike first and wipe out the Huguenot leaders while they were still in Paris after the wedding. Henry was a prize catch for Catherine, who, despite her wealth, was of common origin. During the period 156468, Catherine was unable, for complex reasons, to withstand the cardinal Lorraine, statesman of the Guises, who largely provoked the second and third civil wars. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. WebDid Queen Catherine have an illegitimate daughter? She was closely involved in the planning and supervising of all her architectural schemes. Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret, so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot. However, Catherine maintained the monarchy and the state institutions functioning, even at a minimum level. My name is Moniek and I am from the Netherlands. [63] The war was ended by the Peace of Longjumeau of 2223 March 1568, but civil unrest and bloodshed continued. [117], An inventory drawn up at the Htel de la Reine after Catherine's death shows her to have been a keen collector. "[126] After Henry II's death, Catherine set out to immortalise her husband's memory and to enhance the grandeur of the Valois monarchy through a series of costly building projects. During this time, she presided over a distinctive late French Renaissance culture in all branches of the arts. She later kidnapped her half-brothers, Princes Charles and Henry, and attempted to drown them to punish her mother for abandoning her, but Mary hit Clarissa in the head with a rock, believing her to be dead. WebCatherine de Medicis full name is Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de Medici. Biography Early Life [140] Catherine and Henry's inability to produce an heir for the first ten years of their marriage gave rise to suspicion of witchcraft. At the meeting of the Estates, Henry thanked Catherine for all she had done. "[100], Henry was unable to fight the Catholics and the Protestants at once, both of whom had stronger armies than his own. Years later, Diane, daughter of Henry II and Philippa Duci, had Catherine's remains reinterred in the Saint-Denis basilica in Paris. Catherine ended the first civil war in March 1563 by the Edict of Amboise, an attenuated version of the Edict of January. He sent the Duke of Alba to tell Catherine to scrap the Edict of Amboise and to find punitive solutions to the problem of heresy. The Duke of Guise launched an attack into the woods around the chteau. Clarissa Delacroix(1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. Frieda 2003, p. 47 (NY edition). * * *. She died on January 5th, 1589 in Blois France. In what has been called a coup d'tat, the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guisewhose niece, Mary, Queen of Scots, had married Francis II the year beforeseized power the day after Henry II's death and quickly moved themselves into the Louvre Palace with the young couple. Over the years, Catherine gave birth to ten children of which five were daughters. Clarissa Delacroix (1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. Franois Clouet drew and painted portraits of all Catherine's family and of many members of the court. [60], In 1566, through the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie, and because of a long-standing Franco-Ottoman alliance, Charles and Catherine proposed to the Ottoman Court a plan to resettle French Huguenots and French and German Lutherans in Ottoman-controlled Moldavia, in order to create a military colony and a buffer against the Habsburg. Catherine now rallied both Huguenot and Catholic forces to retake Le Havre from the English. For the next two years Catherines policy was one of peace and general reconciliation. Catherine de Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 154759) and subsequently regent of France (156074), who was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars. It was designed by Francesco Primaticcio (15041570), with sculpture by Germain Pilon (15281590). Elizabeth I of England's execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, on 8 February 1587 outraged the Catholic world. Therefore, her policies may be seen as desperate measures to keep the House of Valois on the throne at all costs and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline. Margaret had put up a good show for the Queen and Joan wrote enthusiastically to her son with one point, If she embraces our religions, I may say that we are the happiest persons in the world Margaret could not have opposed this match with Henry more, but it was going to happen whether she wanted or not. Henry was carried to the Chteau de Tournelles, where five splinters of wood were extracted from his head, one of which had pierced his eye and brain. [8] King Francis wanted Catherine to be raised at the French court, but Pope Leo refused, claiming he wanted her to marry Ippolito de' Medici. From this time dates the legend of the wicked Italian queen. The treaty became known as the Peace of Monsieur because it was thought that Francis had forced it on the crown. Learn how your comment data is processed. As Guise entered the king's chamber, the Forty-five plunged their blades into his body, and he died at the foot of the king's bed. [86], In 1576, in a move that endangered Henry's throne, Francis allied with the Protestant princes against the crown. Catherine de' Medici was born Caterina Maria Romula de' Medici[7] on 13 April 1519 in Florence, Republic of Florence, the only child of Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and his wife, Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, the countess of Boulogne. [84], Henry married Louise de Lorraine-Vaudmont in February 1575, two days after his coronation. [89] Catherine wrote, the next day: "I am so wretched to live long enough to see so many people die before me, although I realize that God's will must be obeyed, that He owns everything, and that He lends us only for as long as He likes the children whom He gives us. royal 28. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of Frances boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. [5] Catherine has been called "the most important woman in Europe in the 16th century.[6]. In 1537, he had a brief affair with Philippa Duci, who gave birth to a daughter, whom he publicly acknowledged. Writing that she wanted to see Jeanne's children, she promised not to harm them. [40] Nevertheless, all his official acts began with the words: "This being the good pleasure of the Queen, my lady-mother, and I also approving of every opinion that she holdeth, am content and command that". [80], The slaughter in Paris lasted for almost a week. Moving on to the fortress of Carlat, Margaret took a lover called d'Aubiac. According to the diplomat Simon Renard, the birth nearly killed Catherine,[150] and the royal couple were advised by the King's physician to have no further children. Historica Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. King Henry took part in the jousting, sporting Diane's black-and-white colours. She was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars (Wars of Religion; 156298). Labouvie suggested that women's power was believed to be the ability to create and sustain life, whilst witches were believed to have the opposite power; that of attacking health, life and fertility. In 1570, Charles IX married Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor. Her ability and eloquence were acclaimed after the Spanish victory of Saint-Quentin in Picardy in 1557, possibly the origin of her perpetual fear of Spain, which remained, through changing circumstances, the touchstone of her judgments. [53] Guise, who called the massacre "a regrettable accident", was cheered as a hero in the streets of Paris while the Huguenots called for revenge. [87] On 6 May 1576, Catherine gave in to almost all Huguenot demands in the Edict of Beaulieu. From that moment, she abandoned compromise for a policy of repression. Catherine saw little of her husband in their first year of marriage, but the ladies of the court, impressed with her intelligence and keenness to please, treated her well. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. His troops surprised the rebels and killed many of them on the spot, including the commander, La Renaudie. I have done to him what he was going to do to me. The wedding, a grand affair marked by extravagant display and gift-giving,[19] took place in the glise Saint-Ferrol les Augustins in Marseille on 28 October 1533. From that day, Catherine took a broken lance as her emblem, inscribed with the words "lacrymae hinc, hinc dolor" ("from this come my tears and my pain"), and wore black mourning in memory of Henry.[36]. [4] Catherine decided to launch a drive to enforce the Edict of Amboise and revive loyalty to the crown. [116] She was inspired by the example of her father-in-law, King Francis I of France, who had hosted the leading artists of Europe at his court, and by her Medici ancestors. Clarissa educated Catherine, along with her own children, and Catherine was happy in her new atmosphere living with her aunt. The Queen of France had faced many challenges all her life to have revolutionized what France is today. Not much later, she actually married Philip himself when he was widowed upon the death of Queen Mary I of England. [78], The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, which began two days later, has stained Catherine's reputation ever since. WebClarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Both of her parents died within weeks of her birth, leaving her an orphan. Huguenot writers later accused Catherine of murdering her with poisoned gloves. [121] In the last two decades of her life, only two painters stand out as recognisable personalities: Jean Cousin the Younger (c.1522 c.1594), few of whose works survive, and Antoine Caron (c.1521 1599), who became Catherine's official painter after working at Fontainebleau under Primaticcio. [49], She summoned church leaders from both sides to attempt to solve their doctrinal differences. WebThe marriage was not popular in France. [9] Leo made Catherine Duchess of Urbino but annexed most of the Duchy of Urbino to the Papal States, permitting Florence to keep only the Fortress of San Leo. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! [35] There is reason to believe she was party to the decision when on 23 August Charles IX is said to have ordered, "Then kill them all! Henry arrived in the bedroom with King Francis, who is said to have stayed until the marriage was consummated. She herself supervised their education. To some extent she was eclipsed by Louis of Nassau and a group of Flemish exiles and youthful Protestants who surrounded the King and urged him to make war upon Spain in the Netherlands, which Catherine inevitably resisted. WebCatherine's full name is Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. "[95], Many leading Roman Catholics were appalled by Catherine's attempts to appease the Huguenots. [70] After Catherine's daughter Elisabeth died in childbirth in 1568, she had touted her youngest daughter Margaret as a bride for Philip II of Spain. Catherine could not hold back her sobs. The League took control of much of northern France to secure French ports for his armada. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. She also met her daughter Elisabeth at Bayonne near the Spanish border, amidst lavish court festivities. Catherine also made many visit in returns and Charles was said to be genuinely fond of his mother-in-law. [47] As a result, when Francis died on 5 December 1560, the Privy Council appointed Catherine as governor of France (gouvernante de France), with sweeping powers. The murder triggered an aristocratic blood feud that complicated the French civil wars for years to come. Essentially, however, there exists no concrete proof that either woman took part in the occult, and it is now believed that Catherine's trouble in providing an heir was in fact due to Henry II's penile deformity.[142]. Suspicions of poison abounded, from Catherine to Emperor Charles V.[24] Sebastiano de Montecuccoli confessed under torture to poisoning the Dauphin.[24]. [50] Catherine failed because she saw the religious divide only in political terms. [134] The end of the Valois dynasty so soon after her death brought a change in priorities. She retreated to her property at Agen and begged her mother for money. She was born in Florence, Italy, on April 13, 1519. Claude died in childbirth in 1575 and Catherine was truly devastated. But she was unable to avert its revocation (August 1568), which heralded the third civil war. The surgery removed part of the birthmark, but left Clarissa greatly disfigured due to the use of potions. Claude was raised alongside her sister Elisabeth, the future Queen of Spain, and sister-in-law Queen Mary of Scotland. Biography. [39] For the moment, Catherine worked with the Guises out of necessity. [98] As Catherine put it, "peace is carried on a stick" (bton porte paix). WebElisabeth is Catherine's "plain Jane" daughter. Catherine de Medici was best known for being the queen consort of Henry II of France (154759) and regent of France. It has been suggested that Catherine educated her son, Henry III, in the dark arts,[145] and that "the two devoted themselves to sorceries that were scandals of the age". Margaret outlived her former husband, her mother, her father and all her siblings. They formed an alliance with England and seized town after town in France. Surgeons saved her life by breaking the legs of Jeanne, who died in her womb. [148] Nevertheless, Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for witchcraft in Italy. From the notorious to the half-forgotten, Queens of Infamy, a Longreads series by Anne Thriault, focuses on badass world-historical women of centuries past. [108] Henry did not tell Catherine of his plan for a solution to his problems. [45] Neither saw the need to punish Protestants who worshipped in private and did not take up arms. Art historian Henri Zerner has called this monument "the last and most brilliant of the royal tombs of the Renaissance. What was Catherine de Medici best known for? [38] The English ambassador reported a few days later that "the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French king". [58] On 19 March 1563, the Edict of Amboise, also known as the Edict of Pacification, ended the war. Catherine de' Medici (Italian: Caterina de' Medici, pronounced[katerina de mditi]; French: Catherine de Mdicis, pronounced[katin d medisis]; 13 April 1519 5 January 1589) was a Florentine noblewoman born into the Medici family. Seeing as they didn't know the other existed for the first 18 - to 20 years of their lives. Francis II became king at the age of fifteen. "[68] Catherine called Jeanne, whose decision to rebel posed a dynastic threat to the Valois, "the most shameless woman in the world". "[112] She visited her old friend Cardinal de Bourbon on 1 January 1589 to tell him she was sure he would soon be freed. After becoming pregnant once, Catherine had no trouble doing so again. WebCatherine and Clarissa have a very complicated relationship. [20] Prince Henry danced and jousted for Catherine. It was only after Leo's death in 1521, that his successor, Adrian VI, restored the duchy to its rightful owner, Francesco Maria I della Rovere. She was born with her father's birthmark on Catherine de' Medici's parents die when she was a baby; however, it was from separate sicknesses. Three of her sons were kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. [97] By 1585, Henry III had no choice but to go to war against the League. Catherines first great political crisis came in July 1559 upon the accidental death of Henry II, a traumatic bereavement from which it is doubtful that she ever recovered. The regency was traditionally the preserve of the princes of the blood. After Alfonsina's death in 1520, Catherine joined her cousins and was raised by her aunt, Clarice de' Medici. She therefore told him: "Since you rely on your forces, we will show you ours". Her three other daughters did survive to adulthood.
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