To fuel this metabolism, sea otters need to consume about a quarter of their body weight in prey each day. These data allow us to evaluate trade-offs elicited by sea otter recovery and devise management plans for temperate reef systems that incorporate realistic timelines for changes to kelp forest communities. Sea otters have likely exerted evolutionary and ecological effects on North Pacific eelgrass meadows since at least the mid-Pleistocene (~600 to 700 thousand years ago) (19, 22). eCollection 2019 Mar. Sea otters eat sea urchins, resulting in large healthy kelp forests and high pet primary productivity. Even before the sea otter effect was studied, kelp has been thought of as a possible climate solution. This can be done in a creative and captivating way, leaving audiences with one or two main take away points. However, sea otters could still be indirectly affected via impacts to their prey. The result was less early-winter carrion for the parks many scavengers, such as grizzly bears and ravens, with dead elk bunching up at the end of relatively severe winters. J Toxicol Environ Health. The .gov means its official. Mitochondria pump protons across their inner membrane to store energy that can be used to power the cell. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. Temperature-dependent viscosity had a significant effect on the carrying capacity and growth rates of consumers, as well as the average density of the top predator. Accessibility 2020 Feb;192(2):391-401. doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04578-8. Increases in kelp and seagrass due to sea otters can translate into increased carbon sequestration. The most widely studied and well-known pathway is from sea otters to herbivorous macroinvertebrates (primarily urchins) to kelp and other macroalgae (Estes and Palmisano 1974, Duggins 1980, Breen et al. 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Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no "When we help restore missing keystone predators, we make things right in a lot of ways before we even recognise what some of those ways are," Lilian Carswell, the southern sea otter recovery coordinator for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, wrote in an email to the BBC. To dwell in cold oceans, mammals must have developed ways to regulate their body temperature amid the chill. Rocks are typically used to break open crabs and other shellfish, whereas sea urchins are crushed with the forefeet and teeth. The presentations needed to be accessible, with no jargon and no assumptions that the audience has any background knowledge in what they are speaking about. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal See how sea otters maintain the balance of kelp-forest ecosystems by consuming sea urchins, Wild Words from the Animal Kingdom Vocabulary Quiz, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Abundant Animals: The Most Numerous Organisms in the World, Falling Stars: 10 of the Most Famous Endangered Species, https://www.britannica.com/animal/sea-otter, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. As sea otters have been reintroduced or naturally recovered in other coastal areas of North America, they have substantially disturbed the structure and dynamics of nearshore foodwebs. Jaime Chambers was a 2021 AAAS Mass Media Fellow with Science News. Understanding the full impacts of warming requires factoring in the complexity of ecosystems. Oecologia 146:623-631. Sea otter populations along British Columbia's (BC) Central Coast are growing and expanding their range at a rapid rate. Registration occurred through the Seattle Aquarium website, and was advertised in multiple ways (facebook ads, Seattle Aquarium members, staff and volunteers, UW SMEA department listserv, UW PCC listserv, etc). The money to be made sparked a multinational fur rush, involving Russian, Japanese, Spanish, British, and American traders. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZmiqJ12Mms, Autumn 2021 Current Climate Change Research Seminar: IPCC AR6 WG1 Chapter Summaries, Winter 2021 Current Climate Change Research Seminar: A PCC/CHanGE Partnership, Spring 2022 Current Climate Change Research Seminar: IPCC AR6 WG2, Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, & Ecosystem Studies. Everything we know about ecology is that as things get more complex, they change, Rudolf says. Although these ecological discoveries are relatively recent, the relationships between sea otters and other organisms in the nearshore North Pacific, with whom they coevolved for millions of years, are ancient. Far below their vantage point at the edge of the rugged Big Sur cliffs, tossed on rough waters, was a cluster of buoyant, dark forms. 2009 May;152(1-4):357-67. doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0321-7. These lightning talk events are widely accessible to all with an internet connection. So what you would expect to happen with the loss of a species in the absence of climate change is not whats going to happen with the loss of that species in the presence of climate change . And this paper is the holy grail of showing that interaction.. And for the most part, they were right. He raised some tadpoles separated by species, some with mixed species, and others with mixed species and the dragonfly larvae. The video link was shared 53 times. In the mid-1980s, the two islands with high-density otter populations supported dense kelp forests, relatively few urchins, and abundant rock greenling whereas the opposite pattern (abundant urchins, sparse kelp forests, and relatively few rock greenling) occurred at islands where otters were rare. The population at San Nicolas Island remained small for many years because most translocated sea otters had dispersed from the island soon after release, leaving a founding population of only about a dozen animals. It could be that warmer conditions slow the larvaes metabolism, prompting the predators to eat less, Rudolf says. Our study highlights the power of trophic cascades in nature and the potential for large predators to ameliorate some of the effects of climate change in the near term, Rasher and his co-authors wrote. Wolf C, Betts MG, Levi T, Newsome TM, Ripple WJ. However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high volume of messages. To me, this is probably one of the clearest pieces of evidence saying, Heres how they did it, Williams says. Small bodies with less surface area don't lose heat faster; it's small bodies with greater surface area relative to their volume that do. The two losses are connected. This higher quality food allowed abalone species to attain much larger body sizes than those found in other oceans, where the herbivores do not have similarly effective predators. The caloric value of sea otters compares with a range of 0.78 to 3.55 kcal gm -1 of wet weight for fish and other marine mammals that make up the killer whale diet. Ocean Sciences Building, Box 355351 Seattle, WA 98195, uwpcc@uw.edu The Service aims to be inclusive, thoughtful, and scientifically rigorous as we consider actions to support sea otter recovery and ecosystem restoration now and in the future. I believe the speakers did an amazing job at articulating climate change through an animal lens, and they highlighted multiple ways that climate change will impact the marine environment and how sea otters can help mitigate those changes. But how much carbon from kelp is sequestered is still unknown. part may be reproduced without the written permission. Scientists already knew sea otters rely on an extreme metabolism to maintain, on average, a 37 Celsius body temperature, eating 25 percent of their body mass in food every day (SN: 6/13/14). Fish and Wildlife Service listed the southern sea otter as threatened. Indirect food web interactions: sea otters and kelp forest fishes in the Aleutian archipelago. Thanks for reading Scientific American. One of the easiest ways that anyone can support bird habitat conservation is by buying duck stamps. Indirect effects and prey behavior mediate interactions between an endangered prey and recovering predator. The story was also updated July 23, 2021, to correct the description of otters' proton leaks. In kelp forest systems, the influences of trophic interactions between sea otters and their prey spread through the interaction web via several pathways. The voracious echinoderms not only mowed down the kelp but are also tearing apart and devouring the massive, slow-forming limestone reefs on which this seaweed grows, Rasher and his colleagues recently reported in Science. The Service terminated the translocation program and its associated zones in 2012. The spreading kelp can absorb as much as 12 times the amount of CO2 from the atmosphere than if it were subject to ravenous sea urchins, the study finds. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy Environ Monit Assess. The large hind feet are broad and flipperlike. Before the fur trade, the range of sea otters spanned the entire North Pacific rim, from the northern islands of Japan to midway down the Pacific Coast of Baja California, Mexico. While the ESA focuses on preventing extinction and promoting species recovery, the MMPA has a more explicitly ecological aim: to maintain marine mammal stocks at levels where they are significant functioning elements of the ecosystems of which they are a part. In other words, marine mammal stocks must be restored to ecological relevance. When the sea otter returned and began to compete for these same shellfish, some saw the sea otter as an interloper, a destroyer of the oceans bounty. The far-sightedness of the MMPA is only beginning to be realized. Sea otters were once widespread across coastal waters in the Northern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California to Alaska, all the way to rocky reefs in Russia and Japan. Oecologia. Sea otters have voracious appetites, eating about a quarter of their body weight every day (Credit: Getty Images). Leaks in mitochondria the energy-generating part of cells generate extra heat and cause sea otters extreme metabolism, the researchers found. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence for an effect of sea otter occupation time or kelp metrics on the fishable biomass of kelp greenling. The idea of restoring predators to blunt the impacts of warming has been simmering in ecology for decades. The final registration number was 1,005 people. Staff login, Expand Climate Minor Testing Page Section. Sea otters eat sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus spp), which are voracious invertebrate herbivores that graze on kelp. And similar situations likely hold true for other ecosystems across the globe. Breen et al. And a 2020 study found that the monetary benefit of sea otters due their restoration of kelp habitat and associated increase in fish stocks, carbon sequestration, and ecotourism value outweighs the losses to shellfish fisheries. Registration occurred through the Seattle Aquarium website, and was advertised in multiple ways (facebook ads, Seattle Aquarium members, staff and volunteers, UW SMEA department listserv, UW PCC listserv, etc). Increases in kelp and seagrass due to sea otters can translate into increased carbon sequestration. It feels like a ghost town, says Rasher, a researcher at the nonprofit Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences. At the beginning and end of the event, I conducted a survey using PollEverywhere to learn more about the audience and to gauge the effectiveness of our climate communication. "When those kelps get dislodged they can travel and circulate on the surface for a 1,000km [620 miles]," says Hughes. The actions of the wind, differences in temperature within the ocean and differences in density and salt concentration all act together to produce the great ocean currents that flow around the world. As a nonprofit news organization, we cannot do it without you. Baby otters dont yet have the muscle mass to stay warm through these leaks, but their muscle cells generate heat at adult rates, the researchers found, showing that proton leak begins early. Comparing kelp density with otters and kelp density without otters, they found that "sea otters have a positive indirect effect on kelp biomass by preying on sea urchins, a kelp grazer." Tour routes of great scenic drives on National Wildlife Refuges. ", More information: (1977a) identified several interaction web pathways by which sea otters might influence the behavior and population biology of kelp forest fishes, including direct "But animals the world over, working in different ways to influence the carbon cycle, might actually have a large impact. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1139. "They have a disproportionately large impact on the ecosystem relative to their abundance," says Heidi Pearson, a marine biologist at the University of Alaska Southeast. In addition to kelp forests, otters' effect on seagrasses may also benefit the climate. Climate change-amplified temperature anomalies pose an imminent threat to coral reef ecosystems. eCollection 2018 Sep. Wilson TL, Schmidt JH, Mangipane BA, Kolstrom R, Bartz KK. In the case of the Aleutian Islands reefs, for example, if the scientists had simply exposed living reef samples to warmer and more acidic water in the lab, they might have incorrectly concluded the reefs were in no great danger because those impacts alone only slightly softened their skeleton. Because sea otters (Enhydra lutris) exert a wide array of direct and indirect effects on coastal marine ecosystems throughout their geographic range, we investigated the potential influence of sea otters on the ecology of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA. The large hind feet are broad and flipperlike. Effects of predator depletion or recovery are frequently accompanied by time lags, which are often context-dependent. Using data on the rate of kelp growth and its density at sites with and without otters, they found that the presence of sea otters across rocky reef habitat in the study area, covering 51,551 square kilometers (19,900 square miles an area about the same size as Costa Rica), is capable of storing 4.4 to 8.7 million tonnes of carbon compared to if an otter-free condition. After the event, there were >1,000 views of the YouTube video within 12 hours. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. Sea otters can also benefit seagrass. Consuming herbivorous urchins (genus Strongylocentrotus) enables kelp forests and the fish associated with them to flourish. In the late 1980s, the Service translocated 140 sea otters to San Nicolas Island, off Southern California. "I felt like I had learned something that was fairly remarkable.". In determining these effects, it's important to recognize that sea otters alter ecosystems via both direct and indirect pathways. The key to that difference has to do with sea otters' voracious appetites. That perspective is echoed in a soon to be published paper by University of Colorado Boulder ecologist Laura Dee, who points to the many indirect effects warmer temperatures can have on a species. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Sea otters help ecosystems capture carbon from the atmosphere and store it as biomass and deep-sea detritus, preventing it from being converted back to carbon dioxide and contributing to climate change. Would you like email updates of new search results? Get weekly and/or daily updates delivered to your inbox. In these zones, otters mostly feed on crabs. In temperate rocky reef ecosystems, sea otters (Enhydra lutris) trigger a cascade of direct and indirect effects driving transitions between kelp-depleted and . One species had lower survival rates in heated water when it was on its ownbut when exposed to either competition or predation, the rates between heated and nonheated ponds were virtually equal. Our results provide further evidence of the wide-ranging indirect effects of sea otter predation on nearshore marine communities and another apex predator, the Bald Eagle. Questions or comments on this article? Please select the most appropriate category to facilitate processing of your request. The Seattle Aquarium lightning talks are recorded and available to watch for free on YouTube. After wolves were reintroduced in 1995, though, they became the main cause of elk mortality and created a steadier carrion supply that helped sustain other animals throughout the cold months. Wilmers et al., 2012 Society for Science & the Public 20002023. who points to the many indirect effects warmer temperatures . The video link was shared 53 times. eCollection 2018 Aug. Its not yet clear if otters inherit this trait or develop it with exposure to cold water. Simon Fraser University Library is grateful to be located on the lands of the xmkym (Musqueam), Swxw7mesh (Squamish), slilwta (Tsleil-Waututh), qcy (Katzie), kikm (Kwikwetlem), qiqyt (Qayqayt), qa:nn (Kwantlen), Smym (Semiahmoo), and scwan (Tsawwassen) Nations. 4. In order to maintain their high metabolic rates, the mammals must eat constantly. The biologist collects the following data: Dive temp. We used the overexploitation, recovery and subsequent collapse of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in t These currents are large and cyclical, taking the form of loops. 2018). The eeriness did not end there: during a boat ride, one of Rashers colleagues pointed to a cove where he had seen hundreds of sea otters splashing in the frigid water in the 1970s. Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Their dense coat is one of two primary adaptations to maintain internal body temperature. T. Wright et al. Koel TM, Tronstad LM, Arnold JL, Gunther KA, Smith DW, Syslo JM, White PJ. webs. And in both these ecosystems, otters might have the added benefit of storing carbon. Official websites use .gov Science. Careers. "Right now, all the climate change models and proposed methods of sequestering carbon ignore animals," Wilmers said. Despite high attrition, reintroductions using translocated wild sea otters have resulted in about 35% of global sea otter abundance. Bald Eagles depend on nearshore marine communities for most of their prey in this ecosystem, so we predicted that the recent decline in otter populations would have an indirect negative effect on diets and demography of Bald Eagles. Overall, indirect effects of temperature via changes in viscosity were subtle in comparison to the indirect effect of temperature via trophic interactions. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. What participants took away was the deep connection between kelp forest ecosystems, urchins and sea otters as a keystone species. "An alluring idea," they write, would be to sell the carbon indirectly sequestered by the sea otter protected kelp forest "as a way to pay for their reintroduction and management or to compensate losses to shell fisheries from sea otter predation. Over an ecosystem area of approximately 5.1 10 10 m 2, the effect of sea otter predation on living kelp biomass alone represents a 4.4-to 8.7-teragram increase in C storage. PMC Kelp forests have been found to sequester, or hold onto, carbon in the marine environment. Similarly, Pace (1981) experimentally removed sea urchins in Barkley Sound (otter-absent region, this study) and found higher kelp population densities and lower depth . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Our inferences were based on previously established effects of sea otters on kelp-forest ecosystems and patterns of covariation in sea otter density and the diets and demography of Bald Eagles. Credit: Nick Higgins. She has also written for Science,Massive ScienceandAsk Dr. Universe, a science column for kids. Ecol Evol. The sea otter had been hunted almost to extinction for its fur by 1910. If you liked this story,sign up for the weeklybbc.comfeatures newsletter, called "The Essential List". Thanks for reading Scientific American. This story was produced with additional reporting by Katarina Zimmer. You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties. 8600 Rockville Pike The theory is outlined in a paper released online today (September 7, 2012) in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment by lead authors UC Santa Cruz professors Chris Wilmers and James Estes. of carbon sequestration through their positive indirect effect on kelp (Wilmers et al., 2012). It inhabits coastal waters from the Kuril Islands to the Aleutian Islands southward to the coast of California. Still, it was clear that a large oil spill could potentially cause the subspecies extinction. Skeletal muscle makes up 40 to 50 percent of most mammals body mass, so it affects the whole bodys metabolism. Bringing the otters back would bring many ecological benefits, he says, and would also buy us time to get our act together on curbing carbon emissions., Nancy Averett writes about the environment and social science from Cincinnati, Ohio. Sea otters are also the smallest marine mammal in the northern hemisphere. Subscribers, enter your e-mail address for full access to the Science News archives and digital editions. Temperature-dependent viscosity had a significant effect on the carrying capacity and growth rates of consumers, as well as the average density of the top predator. By the time the International Fur Seal Treaty was ratified in 1911, prohibiting the hunting of sea otters in international waters, only 13 remnant populations, each numbering an estimated 10100 animals, survived globally. Floating on its back, it opens mollusks by smashing them on a stone balanced on its chest. Scientists already knew sea otters rely on an extreme metabolism to maintain, on average, a 37 Celsius body temperature, eating 25 percent of their body mass in food every day (SN: 6/13/14).. Skeletal muscle thermogenesis enables aquatic life in the smallest marine mammal. The sea otter is the largest otter, reaching 100-160 cm (40 . "Just in my own soul, it was an important thing," he says of his early observations of that stark difference. Her work has appeared in Audubon, Sierra, Discover, and elsewhere. . If urchin populations grow unchecked, they can graze down a kelp forest very quickly, called a trophic cascade. When kelp dies and washes ashore, carbon returns to the atmosphere during decomposition. 1982, Estes and Duggins 1995, Watson and Estes 2011, Burt et al. Links also do not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. If prey species in sea otter habitat decline due to changing temperatures, this would reduce available food for otters. Disclaimer. Question: A marine biologist wants to test the effect of water temperature on the average dive duration for sea otters. When otters are around, sea urchins hide in crevices and eat kelp scraps. Without it, they starve. 2005 Oct;35(11-12):1155-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.002. By consuming sea urchins who are not similarly hidden, sea otters change sea urchin behavior. Instead of roving about and attacking the holdfasts that anchor living kelp to the rocky ocean floor, creating urchin barrens, fearful sea urchins adopt a sit-and-wait strategy, hiding in deep crevices and eating only those pieces of kelp that break off and drift down. Omissions? The emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The main objectives of this project were to: In 2020, the Seattle Aquarium transitioned its Lightning Talk event to a virtual format. Evidence of this coevolution may be seen in the bodies of animals, like abalone, today. Comparison of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in feathers in bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), and comparison with common eider (Somateria mollissima), glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens), pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba), and tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) from the Aleutian Chain of Alaska. Fifteen years ago Christopher Wilmers, a wildlife ecologist now at the University of California, Santa Cruz, published studies looking at how warmer winters in Yellowstone National Park meant fewer elk foundering in deep snow and dying. E-mail us atfeedback@sciencenews.org | Reprints FAQ. 2018 Sep 12;5(9):181228. doi: 10.1098/rsos.181228. (Trophic cascade refers to the compounding effects of removing an organism from an ecosystem.) The Lightning Talks: Sea Otters event occurred on Earth Day, 4/22/2021 from 6-7pm PT on YouTube Live. These include increasing or decreasing prey, changing competitive abilities, shifting feeding rates and altering trophic cascades. Otters' indirect effects on coastal ecosystems can also follow pathways other than the otter-urchin-kelp trophic cascade. The site is secure. Heres how, A sapphire Schrdingers cat shows that quantum effects can scale up, how otters meet the challenge of staying warm at sea, Other marine mammals have high metabolisms to cope with cold water, eating 25 percent of their body mass in food every day. But because the researchers also included sea urchins in their tanks, they realized how the two forces interacted: sea urchin grazing increased significantly as warming and acidity increased, pushing the system beyond a critical tipping point, Rasher says. www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/110176, Journal information: Nest use dynamics of an undisturbed population of bald eagles. Knowledge awaits. Among their favorite foods are sea urchins, which are easy to catch and dense in calories. The events are designed to directly align with the Aquariums mission, to inspire conservation of the marine environment. subsequent decline in sea otter populations in the central Aleutian Archipelago. Read about our approach to external linking. Because sea otters (Enhydra lutris) exert a wide array of direct and indirect effects on coastal marine ecosystems throughout their geographic range, we investigated the potential influence of sea otters on the ecology of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA. The talks are catered to a wide range of ages and no science background is required. If the value of otter carbon banking is recognised by our human banks, maybe the mustelids will soon swim across more reefs and estuaries fighting climate change while they're at it. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. In general, currents carry warm water from . The Lightning Talks: Sea Otters event occurred on Earth Day, 4/22/2021 from 6-7pm PT on YouTube Live. 1991 Aug;33(4):395-453. doi: 10.1080/15287399109531537. ?? Read about my event of short engaging lightning talks in fulfillment of the UW PCC Graduate Certificate in Climate Science. In the absence of sea otters, these areas would have an NPP of 25-70 g C m 2 yr 1 and biomass density of 8-14 g C m 2. Epub 2019 Dec 19. www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/110176. If sea otters return, however, their feasting can put the herbivores in check and allow the kelp to flourish once again. Although the indirect effects of sea otters are widely known, this example is unique because the food-web pathway transcended five species and several trophic levels in . Our fish studies focused on rock greenling (Hexagrammos lagocephalus), the numerically dominant species in this region. What participants desired most out of the event was to learn and connect. "When I think about marine plants that can sequester carbon really well, it's typically the rooted ones," says Hughes. Sea otters can greatly affect the environment they live in. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. To communicate the science behind these concepts to a wide and diverse audience, I hosted a virtual Lightning Talk event with my employer, the Seattle Aquarium. Corrections? Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. One idea researchers have floated is to use money from otter-generated carbon offsets to compensate fishers for losses in their catch. When enough sea otters are present, they have been found to keep the numbers of sea urchins down, preventing severe overgrazing (Estes and Palmisano, 1974). What was Rosalind Franklins true role in the discovery of DNAs double helix. Since then, researchers have learned more about the complementary roles that other sea urchin predators, like sea stars, play in controlling overgrazing by sea urchins, but the conclusion that sea otters defend kelp patches and help to promote eventual regrowth has not changed. After the event, there were >1,000 views of the YouTube video within 12 hours. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZmiqJ12Mms. As sea otters have been reintroduced or naturally recovered in other coastal areas of North America, they have substantially disturbed the structure and dynamics of nearshore food. "It is significant because it shows that animals can have a big influence on the carbon cycle," said Wilmers, assistant professor of environmental studies.
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