. When England seized Jamaica from Spain in 1655, the buccaneers resettled there. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"EV6XD901GYmICFHXx6qFgPW3RpXZeJL5FpM.yILeC4E-86400-0"}; Campbell, John. By 1735, London newspapers regularly reported the exploits of Turpin and his "Essex Gang." They took to the hills to right some personal wrong, becoming the noble robber. Banditry in Islam: Case Studies from Morocco, Algeria, and the PakistanNorth West Frontier. Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Foucault, Michel. For many people, the term pirate conjures up images of the so-called golden age of piracy, in the 17th and 18th centuries, along with legendary pirates such as Blackbeard or Captain Kidd or their fictional equivalents such as Long John Silver or Captain Jack Sparrow. In both cases, conflict and banditry broke down along partisan or regional, not class, lines. On both sides, the struggle was waged with both conventional navies and state-sanctioned sea bandits called corsairs. Furthermore, a group of young hares is often called leverets. Just to reiterate: Animal group names arent official. As in many stateless societies, the distinction between the private and the public (that is, civil society) had limited significance. The extreme violence practiced by bandits against peasants in many contemporary accounts has been interpreted in two ways: as expressive or as instrumental. Granite Island: A Portrait of Corsica. The most famous French bandit of all times was Louis Dominique Cartouche (16931721), a celebrated Parisian outlaw, whose name became synonymous with "highway robber" to the French. That peasants were often misguided and ultimately shifted their loyalties only serves to demonstrate that they are incapable by nature of taking legitimate mass political actionunless, as Rousseau intimated, they are under the leadership of the more enlightened urban elites. There were basic differences between banditry in predominantly agricultural areas and in mountainous pastoral areas. Journal ofModern Greek Studies 6 (1988): 269290. A group of travelling merchants are called carvans Why. 2d ed. Hart, David. The myth of banditry may well, therefore, have a double function. Dickie, John. Traditional banditry has often been accompanied by extreme violence in both its expression and its repression. What is a group of traveling merchants called? Bandits are seen as beyond the pale of "civilized society," a symptom of the low level of development of the countryside, a problem impeding progress and thus meriting swift, equally brutal, suppression by the army or police, without much regard to the constitutional human rights the modern state claims to protect. Bandits in Peru, Mexico, and Argentina operated in a similar fashion. In other cases, such as in Corsica, mules' ears were cut off as a ritual death threat. The bandit is thus not so much an expression of peasant reaction to oppression or a form of wish fulfillment as a transfiguration of peasant suffering, transformed from individual execution to the collective personification of sacrifice. banditry." [26] Robinson further points out that "[a] widespread network to dispose of the stolen livestock linked" towns in the Capital Region to nearby provinces. In Sicily mafiosi were actively involved in the risorgimento (the nineteenth-century movement for Italian unification), backing the adherents of Giuseppe Garibaldi and managing to wrest effective control of landed estates from the absentee Sicilian aristocracy. But betrayal to agents of the state was always a grave danger, unless the individual was protected by powerful interests. 139149. Some standard illustrations of bats often used in language include: 'In the dark, keep an eye out for a cauldron of bats hanging inside a cave.'. First, bandites d'honneur, heroes of the vendetta, exponents of personal honor on the periphery of society, are always presented on the horizon of the past, as traces of a nostalgic world that has been lost forever. SOES Bandits: A slang term for traders who make rapid buy and sell orders, using the SOES system, in order to make a profit from small price changes. The other French bandit-hero of the eighteenth century, Robert Mandrin (17241755) Spanish bandits of this period operated in many parts of the country, especially in Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, and Castile. It wasnt until the early 20th century that the term gained popularity. The absence of what Eric J. Hobsbawm has named "social banditry" in some territories led to the popular idealization of ordinary robbers, interpreting their deeds as a primitive form of social protest. One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well. Banditry is an aggressive form of illegality and of adventurist capital accumulation found in certain social contexts, especially those marked by insecurity and violence; in this sense it is a product of political economy. In Honour and Grace in Anthropology. Indeed, the records sometimes confirm the image, insofar as it represents reality and not wishful thinking on the one side and social prejudices on the other. Rome, 1986. What are the 4 bandits names? Contemporaries regarded bandits as archenemies of the state and a threat to divine order, denying the state monopoly over the possession of arms and sinning against God's eighth commandment. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. A cauldron of bats is simply the term most commonly used for a group of bats. No evidence suggests that fish are particularly studious, so why is it a school of fish? The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. https://www.britannica.com/story/pirates-privateers-corsairs-buccaneers-whats-the-difference. On the other hand it suggests that ordinary peasants or pastoralists, the source of national folklore and the social stratum from whom bandits were traditionally recruited, possessed the right ethnic sentiments in rejecting foreign authority, exploitation, and other abuses. So a murder of crows is one of the coolest (or at least memorable) animal group names. The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers (sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. See more. If denied legitimate means of survival and participation, people will strike back violently at their oppressors. Looters are the first-tier infantry for Bandits. Michel Foucault noted that the greater the spectacle of state punishment (and most glorifications of banditry by the peasantry date from the period immediately after the establishment of nation-states), the greater the risk that it would be rejected by the very people to whom such spectacles were addressed. Christon Archer coined the term "guerrilla bandits" to describe opportunists who used war as an excuse to pillage. Robbed from the rich and corrupt like monks & local magistrates and gave to the poor. In many societies, such as in southern Spain, Sicily, Greece, and the Balkans, banditry had a predominantly agro-pastoral base. A beauteous gypsy by the name of Venus (Claudia Cardinale) sacrifices her own life to save Cartouche from harm. Madrid, 1934. These elite-bandit alliances helped keep local oligarchies in power and gave a degree of legitimacy to the outlaws. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless Liberators: Political Banditry and Cuban Independence (1989). The victim was therefore defined taxonomically. Encyclopedia of European Social History. Thus, terms of venery referred to groups of specific game animals. However, if you're in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. [21] Also, policies and conditions in the Capital Region provided opportunities for soldiers/bandits to dodge governmental punishment. In the hands of urban intellectuals it points to the bad old days before the establishment of the nation-state, when life and property were not secure. The state attempts to capture the offenders and, if it is successful, executes them. . Gonzlo G. Snchez and Donny Meertens, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos: El caso de la Violencia en Colombia (1983). Now they were seen as living ancestors who inhabited a different time and who had to be tamed in the modern republic. These charismatic leaders were not only skilled in fighting and riding but also possessed material and social capital. [20] Policy of transporting nearby garrisons to Beijing for annual training also created opportunities for banditry. The more marginalized a bandit was, the more dependent he was on protection, the greater the risk of betrayal, and thus the greater the tendency for violence to appear "gratuitous"that is, to signify itself. A more recent phenomenon has come to light regarding Salvadoran gang members. It may be useful to distinguish between violence, as a performative act and a system of signs, and terror, as the effect of such actions on the wider social field within which bandits operate. International Society for Civil Liberties and Rule of Law, a non-governmental organisation, has called on democratic forces in the country to urgently rescue Indeed, when used by state authorities, the pejorative "bandits" labels forms of violent resistance they cannot control except by equally brutal repression. Ortalli, Gherardo, ed. Geschichte des niederen jdischen Volkes in Deutschland: Eine Studie ber historisches Gaunertum, Bettelwesen und Vagantentum. El bandolerisme catal. Clearly, bandits had an interest in encouraging the interpretation of their actions as personal and personalizing rather than political. They used their prepotency and violence to protect their kins' interests and thus ensure the support of family against betrayal to the state. And "La Carambada," a female bandit who dressed in male clothing, robbed travelers in Quertaro, Mexico, during the mid-nineteenth century. Glanz, Rudolf. Local codes of behavior such as omert (Sicilian for "silence") obliged individuals to maintain a solidarity of silence and noncooperation with the authorities or risk extreme ostracism and revenge. Another skill was the ability to deploy road blocks to stop and prey on travelers. In mountainous areas of early modern Spain, banditry and brigandage remained a continual phenomenon throughout the period under discussion. Banditry in Europe traditionally appeared in areas where large-scale landholding coexisted with a relatively permanent intermediate strata of leaseholders or freeholders based upon family-sized plots, such as in Sicily, parts of Greece, and Cyprus. See also the sectionRural Life (volume 2);Peasants and Rural Laborers and the sectionSocial Protest (in this volume); and other articles in this section. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. . Many of these hoodlums learned their trade in exile in Los Angeles and other U.S. locations and were later deported back to Central America, where they have been applying what they learned. Peasant idealization of bandits was also variable and a function of their subsequent political evolution. Gallant, Thomas W. "Greek Bandits: Lone Wolves or a Family Affair?" Encyclopedia of European Social History. He had assembled a massive following and by using his connection and wealth, he managed to bribe and befriend important eunuchs in the court. Richard W. Slatta, ed., Bandidos: The Varieties of Latin American Banditry (1987). They would sail in privately owned armed ships, robbing merchant vessels and pillaging settlements belonging to a rival country. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1992. History Workshop 33 (1992): 124. Much like the rest of human language, these terms of venery come from literature, culture, and (in some cases) random happenstance. Fentress, James, and Chris Wickham. Rather than being champions of the poor, bandits often terrorized and oppressed them. A member of the slighted family, usually a young man, responds with violence, thereby breaking state law, and flees. Through a well-planned raid, Ning Gao, a client of another powerful eunuch Liu Jin, successfully wounded and captured Zhang Mao, who was then transported to Beijing and executed. These portrayals affected how bandits were perceived and legitimated, even allowing them to legitimate themselves. A privateer was a pirate with papers. (1981). La protesta rural en Cuba: Resistencia cotidiana, bandolerismo y revolucin 18781902. The ways in which bandits were portrayed in the modern nation-state and the ways such symbols were used to legitimate contemporary struggles are as significant as what the bandits actually did and represented. role in Jewish history In Judaism: New parties and sects The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers ( sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. By the mid-nineteenth century the countryside of Europe's periphery became a theatrical topos where the vicarious fantasies and terrors of an emergent national literate bourgeoisie could be collectivized and enacted in literature. 'A cauldron of bats generally assembles in a . Previously bandits were seen as "barbarians" with whom one could coexist, inhabiting the same time, and whose criminality was predictable but religiously condemnable. Following their restoration in 1815, the Neapolitan Bourbons, rulers of Sicily, attempted to abolish feudalism and enclose common holdings, sub, Serbs [19] Another report of 1489 attested that soldiers had raided in Henan province. And with that comes plenty of collective nouns for each of those exoskeletal creatures, from armies to clouds. 27 Apr. The use of privateers allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies, but there were trade-offs. Pages 129149. Rabbits can be called colonies, fluffles, herds, warrens, or nests when in a group, depending on the context. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. They personalize the mafioso's or bandit's power and prepotency, generate respect, and emphasize his inalienable symbolic capital. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. He started his criminal career in 1602 and even features in Cervantes's Don Quixote (1605, 1615). This desecration of the body also defiled the bandit or perpetrator. They thus shifted their wealth into land, their pastoral backgrounds proving particularly useful both in co-opting bandits and in suppressing peasant unrest. the so-called haiduks were men of the people who stood against the hegemony of foreign rulers and the exploitation of the poor by the nobility. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Kinship, real or fictive, was an important component of their organization, and solidarity was reinforced through the institutions of blood brotherhood and adoption, as well as through feasting and other rituals. However, banditry also arose because throughout Latin American history, elite rule restricted access to economic opportunity and political expression. [18] In 1449, Mongolian soldiers in the service of Ming attacked and plundered Beijing area. The peasant villages that purportedly supported and sustained social bandits did not exist in the bandit-infested areas of western Cuba. His letters and broadsides show a clear political agenda, not typical of Hobsbawm's social bandit. Unlike mythical bandits, however, actual gangs acted more often on the basis of self-interest and opportunism than in the defense of peasant-class interests. Richard Slatta, Gilbert Joseph, and others have begun placing Latin American banditry in a broader, more comparative perspective. About, Edmond. 2 vols. If you cover your face with a bandanna, jump on your horse, and rob the passengers on a train, you're a bandit. [3], In Nazi-occupied Europe from 1939 to 1945, the German doctrine of Bandenbekmpfung ("bandit fighting") portrayed opponents of the Greater Germanic Reich as "bandits" dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. In contrast, Rosalie Schwartz argues that western Cuba's banditry reflects neither class conflict nor social banditry. It was they who made a stand at the Read More asidism Following Hobsbawm, bandit myths are generic expressions of hidden grassroots aspirations; following Blok, these myths are largely irrelevant to banditry's political functions in the class war. Run away from home and eventually became the leader of a group of bandits. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Synonyms for Group Of Bandits (other words and phrases for Group Of Bandits). They exhibited clear partisan rather than class leanings. BANDITRY. In the nineteenth-century Mediterranean, banditry was particularly strong where pastoralists occupied an intermediate position between small-scale cultivators and large-scale proprietors, as in northern Greece, or where overseers and sharecroppers occupied that position, as in rural Sicily, but also where pastoralism was prominent in its own right, as in Sardinia and Corsica. A bandit is a robber, thief, or outlaw. "The Greek Hero." The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is proscribed or outlawed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey". Recommended for you Nobody likes a know-it-all, especially when youre not actually 100% right. Caution must be exercised in reducing discernible sociological facts, such as the observation that a bandit successfully managed to evade capture for a long period, to single empiricist causes, such as powerful protection. Banditry, then, can be an expression of mass discontent, a means of achieving a political agenda, or a yearning for economic betterment. Property, as a stand-in for its owner, was subjected to an excess of violence, such as the disembowelment of livestock, but not killed. In postindependence Greece Klephtic heroes figured prominently in nationalist rhetoric. Family feuds, endemic to the Brazilian backlands, moved Lampio to take up the outlaw life. In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.[1]. An earlier Sicilian novelist, Luigi Capuana (18391915), denied the Sicilianness of the Mafia and brigandage, claiming that, though the Mafia existed in Sicily, it was no different from criminality found elsewhere. What is a person called who steals? If theres no water and no boat, youre just a regular bandit. Because privateering was generally a more lucrative occupation than military service, it tended to divert manpower and resources away from regular navies. Le roi des montagnes. This extracurricular raiding and pillaging was indistinguishable from piracy as defined above. Some outlaws gained reputations as social bandits and were celebrated in folklore and music. In early Republican China, the growth of warlord armies during the Warlord era was also accompanied by a dramatic increase in bandit activity exploiting the lawlessness. Robinson points out that bandits obviously perceived the benefits of supporting rebel cause but they also could be repelled to join; as a result, the 1510s rebels attracted a lot of local bandits and outlaws as they moved from one place to another. Sixty years later Ronald Reagan publicly referred to members of the Sandinista government as "thugs." In 1510 and 1511, several bandit gangs under the leadership of Liu Brothers, Tiger Yang raided and plundered Shandong and Henan. Tiger Yang once served as a personal military retainer of the aforementioned Ning Gao before turning to banditry; similarly, when facing unemployment, some of Ning's former "bandit catchers" simply joined the bandit leaders Liu Brothers. Local responses were mixed but increasingly hostile to such collective negative stereotypes. If they existed in modern day times I'd refer to them as soldiers. A Reuters report said that authorities in the area have attributed the most recent case of mass kidnapping to an armed group of bandits. Outlaws and Highwaymen: The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. Second, the land concentration that Prez considers a cause of banditry in fact came after many bandit gangs had emerged. Chicago, 1935. Banditry is therefore a phenomenon that is not only often refractory to the investigations of the outside observer but also concealed from the participants themselves. The Brazilian "good thief," Antnio Silvino, followed the leads of his father and godfather into bandit life. But although they have been victimized by the elite, the rural poor have not remained passive victims. Enter a Crossword Clue. Local commanders and constables were responsible for apprehending bandits, but the emperors often dispatched special censors to cope with rampant banditry. [38], Similarly, small groups of local bandits could also end up joining larger groups of rebels. London and New York, 1988. It was rather that, by being betrayed and killed or publicly executed, they achieved sacrificial status. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. Such profiteers formed whatever alliances they deemed useful. Encyclopedia.com. As the name suggests, privateers were private individuals commissioned by governments to carry out quasi-military activities. Guerrilla bandits (discussed below) are one example of those who profited from disorder. . [28], The career of banditry often led leaders to assemble more bandits and army deserters and organize predatory gangs into active rebel groups. He vows to continue his activities in order to avenge her death, but still manages to have a good time doing so. Women most likely lived with male bandit gangs at their hideouts. Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1992. The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. The rural poor sometimes used banditry to express political sentiments. These raids, in turn, endeared them to Spains colonial rivals England and France, which offered various forms of support. [13] They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in History of criminal justice). The serrano (mountain region) uprisings during the Mexican Revolution offer another good example of political banditry cutting across class barriers. There can be no doubt that the discontent of the underprivileged, impoverished, and sometimes marginalized sectors of the population occasionally erupted into popular or mostly local food riots; but it also expressed itself on a smaller scale as "social COW-PUNCHER: Also called Buckaroo, Cow Poke, Waddie, Cowboy, and in Spanish a "Vaquero". Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In Puglia few legal or illegal opportunities were available for social mobility, and the social relations of production encouraged the emergence of collective solidarity and of anarchosyndicalism (a doctrine advocating that workers seize control of the economy and government). Like the contemporary "Bandit Queen" in India, Guiliano became the subject of novels and films. Likewise, stories about bandits should not be treated as primary raw data on the bandits themselves or as simple expressions of hidden peasant aspirations, but rather as the result of a process of elaborated discourse (including textual discourse and reinterpretation) about power relations within society. Each Redbrand wore a simple, dirty scarlet cloak. Solares Robles, Laura. The packaging of the myth of banditry in nationalist political rhetoric cannot be disregarded as unrelated to historical and anthropological analysis. If youre not sure, you can usually refer to a large collection of a bug species as a swarm (for large groups of flying insects) or colony. Colorful memoirs by buccaneers such as William Dampier and Lionel Wafer influenced the depictions of pirates by the writers Daniel Defoe and Robert Louis Stevenson and thus were important sources for the modern pop culture image of the golden age of piracy. The Cuban independence period illustrates both political banditry and the interpretive debates going on in the study of banditry. Another way to say Group Of Bandits? Encyclopedia.com. A group of bats can be referred to as a colony, cauldron, camp, or cloud. [15] Robinson also points out that many eunuchs in Beijing resorted to banditry. Many bandit groups plagued rural areas, but towns and cities could also be the haunt of the medieval gangster. Since the nineteenth century there have been two discourses on banditry, intimately tied with the nation-state and its imaginative geography. "Banditry Bandits were natural men, outside time, but nevertheless potential lawmakers. The mythology and rhetoric that surround banditry must be interpreted carefully. Stories that circulate about the bandit or mafioso often constitute an essential part of his power. The age-old conflict between pastoralists and agriculturalists obliged the former to intimidate peasants, especially in the new Greek state, which radically reduced the amount of land available for pasturage and tried to encourage the expansion of the small peasant cultivator class. Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy. 27 Apr. E for Eagles Other sources, such as ballads, popular accounts, and oral historyoften bypassed by traditional historians engaged in depicting the history of the nation-state as the progress of civilization over barbarismconcentrated on bandits' roles as popular heroes. "Banditry One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. ." As the term corsair is specific to the Mediterranean, the term buccaneer is specific to the Caribbean and the Pacific coast of Central America. dit ban-dt plural bandits Synonyms of bandit 1 plural also banditti ban-di-t : an outlaw who lives by plunder especially : a member of a band of marauders 2 : robber 3 : an enemy plane banditry ban-d-tr noun Example Sentences ." . The modern state stereotypes regions within it as inhabiting a bygone era, thus rationalizing repression of legitimate regionalist, autonomist, and cultural aspirations by labeling them as banditry. "Bandits and Boundaries in Sardinia." Herzfeld, Michael. Banditry, Chivalry, and Terror in German Fiction, 17901830. Despite the popular image, polygyny among bandits was the exception and not the rule. Hobsbawm, E. J. Bandits. In part two of this three-part series, Jan Westmaas and his tour group get a taste of the food and architecture of the town of Irazu, Costa Rica, with an unplanned visit to the volcano museum. As both families resort to banditry, deeming their acts of illegal violence morally just, they become marginalized. A final important variable is the process of mythicizing at the local and national levels. Regl, Joan. Souna is soon rescued by Garami, an Arms Peddler who sells weapons to clients wishing to buy guns. 4 Encyclopedia Britannica During the Ming Dynasty, military and civil jurisdictions were separated. Sciascia, Leonardo. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. At other times banditry represented an economic alternative in a world of opportunity narrowly restricted by the elite. The following analysis focuses on this important category, where among other things causation has been carefully studied. In 1739 he was finally brought to court and sentenced to death. He set himself up outside the community and thus as the ultimate sacrificial victim. Histoires curieuses et vritables de Cartouche et de Mandrin. a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people travelling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman hitman killer mugger murderer parricide poisoner How authorities have responded to this form of prepotency (either through savage repression or co-option of strongmen) has itself influenced responses to banditry at the local level. Yet more research is needed. But for them, too, it is clear that the structure of their gangs was decisively shaped by people who had a permanent address. 2023
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