In 1919, the British-Israel-World Federation was set up in London and joined by some prominent political figures, including the Prime Minister of New Zealand, William Massey. The no original research policy strongly encourages the collection and organization of information from existing secondary sources, and allows for careful use of primary sources. Wikipedia is meant to be a tertiary source of information, summarizing the information gleaned from secondary sources, and in some cases from primary sources. There is now scientific proof for the existence of a giant primate species in North Americaa species fitting the descriptions of sasquatches (bigfoots).". Todashev is now thought to have been unarmed during the incident. For example, the Moon landing conspiracy theories article may include material from reliable websites, movies, television specials, and books that are not peer reviewed. The speech is said to include Franklin saying that the Jewish people will amass in large numbers and attempt to change the US government. Fringe theories include the models and proposals of fringe science, as well as similar ideas in other areas of scholarship, such as the humanities. Fringe theories and related articles have been the subject of several arbitration cases. From that viewpoint, the discovery of beer was an evolutionary success. 1Identifying fringe theories Toggle Identifying fringe theories subsection 1.1Spectrum of fringe theories 1.1.1Pseudoscience 1.1.2Questionable science 1.1.3Alternative theoretical formulations 2Sourcing Toggle Sourcing subsection 2.1Reliable sources 2.2Independent sources 2.3Parity of sources 2.4Attribution 2.4.1Quotations For example, since the universal scientific view is that perpetual motion is impossible, any purported perpetual motion mechanism (e.g. Close attention should be paid to the treatment of those who hold fringe viewpoints, since as a rule they are the focus of controversy. A list created by: Lee Sonogan Science gives as the most absolute truths. The best sources to use when describing fringe theories, and in determining their notability and prominence, are independent reliable sources. ", "A report from the American Physical Society spring meeting 12 May 1989 Baltimore, MD Special session on cold fusion", "Distinguishing science from pseudoscience", http://podcastdownload.npr.org/anon.npr-podcasts/podcast/77/510036/143369581/KERA_143369581.mp3, "Optimising public understanding of science: A comparative perspective", CSICOP On-line: Scientifically Investigating Paranormal and Fringe Science Claims, "Parapsychology: Science or Pseudo-Science? Some journeyed even further, until they finally reached the Japanese islands, where they established the Shinto religion and the emperor system. Alchemy is the now-defunct pseudoscientific quest to discover the philosopher's stone, coveted by the particularly greedy and those who couldn't cope with their own mortality. For example, Lyell D. Henry Jr. wrote that, "fringe science [is] a term also suggesting kookiness. The spearhead of this transition? Discussion of mainstream ideas should be sourced from reliable mainstream sources. Primary sources about research and investigations should only be used to verify the text and should not be relied on exclusively as doing so would violate Wikipedia's policies on original research. Here are the top ten fringe sciences and theories that could become mainstream in your lifetime: Cybernetics is the study and re-creation of control systems (the nervous system, the brain, and mechanical-electrical communication systems). However, information in the book indicates a potentially earlier publication date. To search for food, our ancestors developed an upright posture that enabled them to use their hands while wading into deeper waters. Currently, about 400 tons of groundwater enter the reactor basements of the facility each day. This discovery would supposedly grant its owner eternal life and youth, or the ability to turn almost any metal into gold. Other considerations for notability should be considered as well. Fringe est une srie tlvise amricaine de science-fiction et d'horreur en cent pisodes de 42 minutes co-cre par J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman et Roberto Orci et diffuse entre le 9 septembre 2008 et le 18 janvier 2013 sur le rseau Fox et en simultan au Canada sur /A\ [2] (avec quelques pisodes sur CTV [3]) pour les deux premires saisons, puis sur Citytv [4]. The Nazi invasion, code-named Operation Barbarossa, caught the Soviets totally off guard, since they did not expect the Germans to attack. Cognitive theories of psychology are focused on internal states, such as motivation, problem-solving, decision-making, thinking, and attention. We use the term fringe theory in a very broad sense to describe an idea that departs significantly from the prevailing views or mainstream views in its particular field. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author. Ideas that have been rejected, are widely considered to be absurd or pseudoscientific, only of historical interest, or primarily the realm of science fiction, should be documented as such, using reliable sources. Believers adhere to the view that, after the disintegration of ancient Israel, some survivors traveled east and eventually settled in present-day areas of the Middle East, Central Europe, and South and Southeast Asia. The Magna Carta is considered a forebear of the Constitution of the United States. He was scheduled to travel to Russia two days after his death. Little is known about the true origin of the Toledot, but many feel it was circulated orally before being put into various literary forms. The ultimate conspiracy being that the United States government wouldnt admit to the negative health implications of fluoride, so instead decided to promote the chemical for public health benefits and place trace amounts in peoples drinking water. Likewise, exceptional claims in Wikipedia require high-quality reliable sources. The Washington Post has also asked for answers about how Todashev died. Fringe theories that oppose reliably sourced researchdenialist histories, for exampleshould be described clearly within their own articles, but should not be given undue weight in more general discussions of the topic. 1. They are needed to demonstrate that an idea is sufficiently notable to merit a dedicated article about it. Harold Brooks-Baker was an Anglo-American journalist who became famous for his books on the genealogy of the British Royal family. In fact, its origins are rooted in Bchamp's empirically disproven (in the context of disease) theory of pleomorphism. [1] Fringe science theories are often advanced by persons who have no traditional academic science background, or by researchers outside the mainstream discipline. Because Wikipedia aims to summarize significant opinions with representation in proportion to their prominence, a Wikipedia article should not make a fringe theory appear more notable or more widely accepted than it is. And maintaining a steady supply of booze required relatively intensive farming techniques that were incompatible with the nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Believers claim that radiation from the plant has spread around the world and is causing negative health concerns and that Fukushima is not experiencing some leaks, but the disaster is an ongoing event like never witnessed before, which might continue for hundreds of years. [2]:176, The term "fringe science" covers everything from novel hypotheses which can be tested by means of the scientific method to wild ad hoc hypotheses and mumbo jumbo. 30 Interesting Scientific Theories: In addition, the Phoenicians proved that they could complete long voyages by accomplishing what is believed to be the first recorded circumnavigation of Africa, in 600 B.C. More evidence that we will all be his underlings some day. It can be an unverified hypothesis, historical hoax, or pseudoscientific discovery. Fringe sources can be used to support text that describes fringe theories provided that such sources have been noticed and given proper context with third-party, independent sources. [2]:172 One example of such is plate tectonics, an idea which had its origin in the fringe science of continental drift and was rejected for decades. Examples of unreliable journals include, but are not limited to: the Creation Research Society Quarterly, Homeopathy, and the Journal of Frontier Science (which uses blog comments[8] as its supposed peer review). Eventually, this custom led to even more complex and intertwined relationshipsessentially the forerunner of todays society. Many fringe ideas aren't inherently dangerous, but in some cases, they spark valid concern from scientists, such as the claim that COVID-19 vaccines can alter your DNA. There are numerous reasons for these requirements. So far, Fomenko and his believers continue to work on their theory, despite being criticized by mainstream historians and scientists for their unconventional methods and views. In the early 1990s, Springer spent a year searching over back-channel satellite news footage to find controversial clips that werent meant for public view. Statements about the truth of a theory must be based upon independent reliable sources. Wikipedia is not a place to right great wrongs. Lucky for us theres no disease that turns humans into flesh eating zombies. For this reason, notability guidelines for fringe topics are stricter than general notability guidelines: the notability of a fringe theory must be judged by statements from verifiable and reliable sources, not the proclamations of its adherents. Proponents of fringe theories have used Wikipedia as a forum for promoting their ideas. British Israelism is a doctrine based around the idea that people of Western European descent are relatives of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. A study published in April 2013 suggested that nuclear fallout from Fukushima has caused significant elevated rates of congenital thyroid illness in infants born on the West Coast of the US and Hawaii. The negative information around Fukushima has caused people in Japan, Canada, and the United States to call for a monitoring system that will track air pollution and seafood quality on a weekly basis. Pseudoscience usually relies on attacking mainstream scientific theories and methodology while lacking a critical discourse itself (as is common among proponents of creation science), relies on weak evidence such as anecdotal evidence or weak statistical evidence (as for example in parapsychology), or indulges a suspect theoretical premise (such as the claims of water memory made by advocates of homeopathy). In 1783, a book titled The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor was published, suggesting that similarities exist between the United States and Israel. In the book, Mary is said to have been seduced by a soldier named Ben Pandera before giving birth to Jesus. The hygiene hypothesis is a theory that says children in developed countries may be more susceptible to allergic diseases because of a lack of exposure to certain infectious agents, which has caused a problem with the natural development of the immune systems. First formulated in the 1960s by British marine scientist Alister Hardy, the aquatic ape theory maintains that our modern human abilities are the result of our ancestors amphibious existence. Note that fringe journals exist, some of which claim peer review. According to McGovern, beer itself was actually the primary reason our ancestors settled down in the first place. One important barometer for determining the notability and level of acceptance of fringe ideas related to science, history or other academic pursuits is the presence or absence of peer-reviewed research on the subject. In the Middle Ages, the Toledot Yeshu was apparently used by some Jewish communities in order to discredit Christianity. Unfortunately, The FBI has sealed all documents in the case, so it is impossible to determine what really happened. Later on, he claimed that the followers of a mysterious figure named Severus Archontius (an allusion to Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire) perpetrated these false documents. However, the theory was heavily derided in its infancy by the mainstream scientific community. For the project, the girl (who is also related to King John) linked Barack Obama as her 18th cousin through Obamas mothers family. We still use all sorts of drugs to try and utilize all the nooks and crannies of the brain. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Weve covered Gilles de Raiss horrific crimes too many times already. It is also best to avoid hiding all disputations in an end criticism section, but instead work for integrated, easy to read, and accurate article prose. Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted. Such theoretical formulations may fail to explain some aspect of reality, but, should they succeed in doing so, will usually be rapidly accepted. A fringe theory is an idea or viewpoint held by a small group of supporters. The secrecy of the shooting has spawned a series of conspiracy theories that say Todashev was assassinated by the FBI in order to keep him quiet about the Boston Marathon bombings. To solve the problem, the Japanese government has decided to build a mile-long impenetrable frozen wall beneath the plant, to prevent groundwater from mixing with contaminated water. She is saying due to string theory people lost faith in all sciences. According to Fomenko, Jesus Christ Himself lived during this period, and it was His death that sparked the Crusades. In 2012, Stanford University estimated that the radiation from Fukushima Daiichi would cause around 15 to 1300 deaths from cancer. As a member of the French nobility, Gilles de Rais held a huge fortune, including vast tracts of land in Brittany. He even contributed toward building the first permanent synagogue in Philadelphia. McKenna based this theory mainly on his own experienceduring his lifetime, he personally indulged in numerous psychedelic substances. In 2011, Lazcano helped organize the second massacre of San Fernando, in which Los Zetas killed 193 people. According to its adherents, Franklins speech was transcribed by Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and included information about why the United States shouldnt allow Jewish immigration. 10 Controversial Fringe Theories by Dylan Angeles fact checked by Jamie Frater A fringe theory is an idea that departs from the mainstream view. Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano was the leader of the Los Zetas drug cartel until his death in a shootout with police on October 7, 2012. This branch of fringe science stems from the hypothesis that the human brain is infinitely capable, but certain social and physical factors prohibit us from reaching our full potential. - Research on the Y-chromosomes of Jews has suggested that they are closely related to other populations from the Middle East, such as Arabs, Turks, and Kurds. Peer review is an important feature of reliable sources that discuss scientific, historical or other academic ideas, but it is not the same as acceptance by the scientific community. Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Arbitration cases, Wikipedia's policies on original research, stated simply as facts rather than recast as opinions, completely unreliable sources masquerading as legitimate, Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles, Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Pseudoscience, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Fringe science, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Barrett v. Rosenthal, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Climate change, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Homeopathy, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Cold fusion, Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/September 11 conspiracy theories, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Shakespeare authorship question, Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight, Synthesis of published material that advances a position, "JOURNAL of FRONTIER SCIENCE Peer Review Blog", Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources, Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point, Categories, lists, and navigation templates, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Fringe_theories&oldid=1152016868, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 17:09. If the status of a given idea changes, then Wikipedia changes to reflect that change. While pseudoscience may, in some cases, be significant to an article, it should not obfuscate the description or prominence of the mainstream views. Reliable sources are needed for any article in Wikipedia. In other cases, an alternative theoretical formulation lacks significant evidence to show its validity, but when such evidence is produced, the theory can become mainstream. It has since been dismissed because of lack of evidence. Some people have examined the images of the dead man and suggested flaws, discrepancies, and tampering. Aside from that, McGovern argues that alcohol consumption was important to our ancestors, mainly because the high sugar content gave them the energy they needed to survive in places with scarce resources. Only a very few of these actually have any meaningful peer review outside of promoters of the fringe theories, and they should generally be considered unreliable. Hardouin believed the group had created the Greek versions solely to corrupt the peoplea plan foiled only by the timely distribution of the Latin version. [3] Other examples include conspiracy theories and esoteric claims about medicine. Despite the evidence, many people in Mexico have suspected that Heriberto Lazcano is still alive. He was not identified until a group of masked men stole the body from a local funeral home. In 1902, Mary Baker Eddy became the first person to trace the lineage of Queen Victoria to King David. In 1405, the document was banned by the church, and in 1543, it was used by Martin Luther to condemn Jews. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. She also finds it fair that credentialed scientists do not bother spending a lot of time learning about and explaining problems with the fringe theories of uncredentialed scientists, since the authors of those theories have not taken the time to understand the mainstream theories they aim to disprove. Quotes that are controversial or potentially misleading need to be properly contextualized to avoid unintentional endorsement or deprecation. They should not be classified as pseudoscience but should still be put into context with respect to the mainstream perspective. It has been estimated that the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster released approximately one-tenth of the radiation of the Chernobyl accident. They allege that the Soviets had prepared a massive invasion force, ready to strike Nazi Germany first. Almost immediately, they started to complain of respiratory distress and illness. Since fringe theories may be obscure topics that few non-adherents write about, there may only be a small number of sources that directly dispute them. Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Search for New Drugs: A Theory of RD in the Pharmaceutical Industry Khazabi, Massoud and Quyen, Nguyen University of Ottawa 1 September 2010 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39462/ MPRA Paper No. Regular consumption of these entheogens presumably enhanced the cognitive abilities of our ancestors and helped them talk and think logically. While similar to Heribert Illigs Phantom Time Hypothesis, this fringe theory by Russian mathematician Anatoly Fomenko takes the issue of time forgery to even more insane heights. Care should be taken not to mislead the reader by implying that, because the claim is actively disputed by only a few, it is otherwise supported. Critics of the theory say that it is based on highly speculative amateur research and lacks any substantial basis, while believers continue to focus on the historical linguistics of certain place names and scriptural interpretations of historical text. Gradually, more members of the Lost Tribes, and even Eastern Christians, immigrated to Japan and assimilated with the original settlers. Yes, that is correct, his name is Rich Walker. . The governing policies regarding fringe theories are the three core content policies, Neutral point of view, No original research, and Verifiability. [2]:178-9, Friedlander suggests that fringe science is necessary so that mainstream science will not atrophy. Reliable sources on Wikipedia may include peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. In his work, Brooks-Baker suggested that every US presidential election has been won by the candidate with the most royal blood. Acceptance of new science can come slowly. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with, For what to do with a subject that does not qualify for a separate article, see. Another archaeologist, Patrick McGovern, proposed something far more radical. It was initially reported that Todashev was killed while alone with the FBI agent. The fringe theory says that the meltdown is the largest nuclear disaster in history and dwarfs the Chernobyl accident. Inclusion and exclusion of content related to fringe theories and criticism of fringe theories may be done by means of a rough parity of sources. In 1992, a group of scholars conducted a reenactment of the infamous trial, in order to test this theory. Even reputable news outlets have been known to publish credulous profiles of fringe theories and their proponents, and there continue to be many completely unreliable sources masquerading as legitimate. The 10 Most Fascinating (And Terrifying) Fringe Sciences. Criticisms of fringe theories should be reported on relative to the visibility, notability, and reliability of the sources that do the criticizing. [2] For writers and editors of Wikipedia articles to write about controversial ideas in a neutral manner, it is of vital importance that they simply restate what is said by independent secondary sources of reasonable reliability and quality. After exhaustively studying the case, they claimed that Gilles de Rais was truly innocenta victim of circumstantial evidence.. In the end, the media failed to report on his success and Agran failed to get recognized. But in 2013, claims started to emerge that the true impact of the Fukushima disaster was much larger than reported. Despite the news, the US and Mexican governments put a bounty of $7 million on Lazcanos head, and in 2012 he was shot and killed by the Mexican Navy. One of his favorite methods was named La Paleta (The Lollipop), in which a victim would be stripped naked and brutally beaten with a board. As a result, founders and believers of fringe theories often end up as objects of ridicule. But is all of this true? These theories describe natural law and give ideas how the universe works. In 1215, King John enacted the Magna Carta, which was one of the first documents to support democracy. It said that no freeman could be punished except by the law of the people. By 2015, the widespread impact of the radiation will be felt in Japan. [7], Although most fringe science is rejected, the scientific community has come to accept some portions of it. [30], As Donald E. Simanek asserts, "Too often speculative and tentative hypotheses of cutting edge science are treated as if they were scientific truths, and so accepted by a public eager for answers." The world is so complex that there are many truths. If psychedelic plants have the ability to induce a veritable religious experience, then surely they could also have been instrumental in fast-forwarding our ancestors evolution? If discussed in an article about a mainstream idea, a theory that is not broadly supported by scholarship in its field must not be given undue weight,[1] and reliable sources must be cited that affirm the relationship of the marginal idea to the mainstream idea in a serious and substantial manner. The careful use of sources is vital when writing about criticism of fringe theories. Wikipedia is not and must not become the validating source for non-significant subjects, and it is not a forum for original research. Ibragim Todashev was a Chechen-American who was shot to death by an FBI agent on May 22, 2013. Claims derived from fringe theories should be carefully attributed to an appropriate source and located within a contexte.g. Even to know what the majority thinks you need a LARGE SAMPLE SIZE to get an idea. However, a lack of consideration or acceptance does not necessarily imply rejection, either; ideas should not be portrayed as rejected or carry negative labels such as pseudoscience unless such claims can be documented in reliable sources. After the story made headlines, the girl said that she wasnt surprised by the connection because the people seemed to have a common trait of wanting power.
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