https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1777-2. The disciplines chosen were respiratory, cardiology, immunology, radiology, microbiology, gastroenterology and hepatology, general and internal medicine, and multidisciplinary sciences. 2. The 2020 Journal Impact Factors, published in the 2021 Journal Citation Report, are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. The list is intended to identify scientists and social scientists who have demonstrated significant community influence through their publication of multiple papers frequently cited by their peers during the last decade. Note Citation counts for a year are the number of citations in the peer-reviewed literature for articles published in that year. The problem will arise if cronyism occurs only in isolated instances. Example: An article published in October 2017 has been cited 8 times in 2017, 5 times in 2018, 5 times in 2019, 5 times in 2020, and 15 times in 2021. This raises questions about editorial and refereeing standards and the ability of the research base to manage its own affairs. [44][45][46], The evidence that author-self-archived ("green") OA articles are cited more than non-OA articles is somewhat stronger than the evidence that ("gold") OA journals are cited more than non-OA journals. You can find an article's field normalized citation metrics in either iCite or Scopus. A review of the state of the art of self-citations. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198601)37:1%3c34:AID-ASI5%3e3.0.CO;2-0. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that the advantage of open-access is debatable with many studies showing no difference in citation rates andquality and heterogeneity concerns posing challenges for generalization [22]. Furthermore, publication and citation data are universally skewed and we will show that this is true of the range of self-citation rates across researchers. (2017). Social Studies of Science,7(2), 257267. 99th percentile is high, and indicates an article in the top 1% globally. Glnzel, W. (2008). Some characteristics of citing works that can be used for narrative purposes include: The inherent assumption is that significant publications will demonstrate a high citation count. To establish a comparison that was more evenly matched in terms of article volume, randomization software on Microsoft Excel was used to select a sample of non-Covid-19 papers from each journal to create a 1:1 comparison of citation rates between non-Covid and Covid papers. The Citation Tracker feature also allows for generation of a Citation Overview chart and for removal of self-citations from the overall citation counts. (2019), in publishing a vast compendium of citation data on some 100,000 Highly Cited Researchers, have likewise included, not excluded, self-citation in their analysis and reported its extent by author, employing co-author self-citation rates. - 5.161.154.99. The distinction is important, however, since the two phenomena convey different meanings: Self-referencing describes how much an author (or group of authors) draws upon their own work to inform the present work. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. This would mean that the article was cited 28% more times than expected for articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year. However, its self-citation pattern is much more similar to Clinical Medicine. Bartneck, C., & Kokkelmans, S. (2011). It appears to reflect the typical cultural self-citation behaviour in a field. The linear plot is of benefit because it allows ready interpretation and reference back to the original data values. 2010). The following chart shows the differences between Citation Impact of various subject categories. Academic misconduct, misrepresentation and gaming: A reassessment. 1.5 times the inter-quartile range as for box-plots) for each field. The highest concentrations of 'citation elite' researchers were in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Belgium. Kacem et al. useful reference points for comparison and they are the basis of normalization to overcome subject bias. Waltmans review of citation impact indicators includes a summary of studies on self-citation (Waltman 2016). 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. It will be noted in the Figs. The comparative median rates of a self-referencing and b self-citation analysed by Essential Science Indicator field and the comparative lower thresholds for indicative outliers in those fields. The Frontiers Neuroscience journal series includes all Frontiers journals in the field of Neuroscience. Ioannidis et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. If you score a 1060, that means you're slightly above the 50th percentile: about half of the people taking the test scored higher than you and half scored lower. More radical approaches would identify more of the researchers close to but above the high end of the central range as requiring investigation, but this could perhaps also enable a focus on individual cases where an unusually high rate of self-cites may be justifiable for topic-specific reasons. Heneberg, P. (2016). Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries? In total, 9,141 from 1900-2015 and 4,593 from 2016-2020 endometrial cancer related studies were identified with the USA having the largest numbers of publications, citations, institutions, as well as the highest country-specific h-Index concerning endometrial cancer research in both periods. The journal impact factor, the two-year average ratio of citations to articles published, is a measure of the importance of journals. MacRoberts, M. H., & MacRoberts, B. R. (1989). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,102(46), 1656916572. Open access meets discoverability: Citations to articles posted to Academia. In a study based on the Web of Science database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. Finally, attention must be paid to the presence of co-authors on publications that have self-citation rates significantly above expectations. Leblond, M. (2012). The identification of a fixed fraction, such as the upper decile, as outliers is evidently inappropriate. Evidence of complex citer motivations. Robert J. McDonald, Based on Scopus, it provides a measure of journal citation impact to 27,200 titles (in 2021), 15,300 more than the Impact . Their study found no penalty for self-citation but diminishing returns with respect to generating citations from others beyond a certain point. As an example, the Citation Rates Table displays data on the average citation rates of papers within the scientific fields over each of the past 10 years. Waltman, L. (2016). Google Scholar. 2018; Baccini et al. 2019), although not all agree with this finding (DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019). The nature of research in a field, its level of fractionation, typical citation densities and potentials: all these and more contribute to what may be an expected rate of self-citation for a field or an individual. In a study based on the Web of Science database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. 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The highly cited papers were clustered by author, initially using an algorithmic approach. Gender variations in citation distribution in medicine are very small and due to self-citation and journal prestige. Core elements in the process of citing publications: Conceptual overview of the literature. Baselines and subject schemas create Journal of Informetrics,10(2), 365391. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Are sociologists publications uncited? 2016; Campanario 2018; Yu et al. papers published in one research field in a given year. Research Policy,41(2), 251261. Note we are excluding the number of citations received in 2021, as FWCIs only include citations to an article 3 complete calendar years after its publication. Biagioli, M., & Lippman, A. These data are also summarised in the Appendix Table3. Our work arose out of a practical exercise, undertaken at Clarivate Analytics since 2014, to identify a group of elite, highly cited scientists and social scientists (Highly Cited Researchers, https://recognition.webofsciencegroup.com/awards/highly-cited/2019/). Country over-citation ratios. (2010). We describe both a generic level of median self-referencing rates, common to most fields, and a graphical, distribution-driven assessment of excessive self-citation that demarcates a threshold not dependent on statistical tests or percentiles (since for some fields all values are within a central normal range). https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.02948. Whilst in Sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors. 2010; Ladle et al. We then quantify the number of citations these papers have received and compare rates to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals over the same timeframe. CiteScore covers all journal titles in Elsevier's Scopus database and is released once a year. 6, 7, 8 and 9. This odd result is driven by frequent group authorship of highly cited papers. To address this gap in the literature we use WOS to examine citation rates for Covid-19-related articles published between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 across 24 major scientific journals. The time period for citation counts is 10 years, plus partial year counts for Seven myths in bibliometrics about facts and fiction in quantitative science studies. The Journal Normalized Citation Impact of a single publication is the ratio of the actual number of citing items to the average citation rate of publications in the same journal in the same year and with the same document type . Because this dataset includes what are acknowledged to be particularly influential researchers, the results may not be wholly typical of the average researcher in the field but should serve as a bellwether for culturally appropriate citation practice. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Year on year, we have witnessed a small but increasing number of instances of the scenario described by Garfield long ago: prodigious publication in low-impact journals accompanied by high levels of author self-citation (Garfield 1979). Thus, data include a combination of open-access and subscription-based publications in the non-Covid-19 articles. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-2160-2. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science,22(1), 114. In the past, as here, attention has been given to self-citation in isolation but in fact the co-authors also benefit. The Thomas theorem and the Matthew effect. Profesional de la Informacin,27(2), 241253. Fister, I., Fister, I., & Perc, M. (2016). Yang, D. H., Li, X., Sun, X. X., & Wan, J. 2 was repeated with the other ESI fields. The reasons for this require expert, informed interpretation but the degree to which this category may capture a series of small, isolated fields has been noted previously (Bensman et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159802400606. Eventually, strict regulations and vaccine rollouts were implemented with enough success to begin to slow case growth [4]. (608) 262-2020 Scientometrics,72(3), 427437. The citation rate for all years is the total number of citations received by all papers in all fields published during the 10-year period divided by the total number of papers. Wohlrabe and Birmaier [10] studied the citation . Scarpa and Baccini and colleagues have reported that the Italian national research assessment exercise (VQR, Research Quality Evaluation), initiated at the beginning of the past decade, provoked strategic behavior among researchers, especially those early in their careers, that resulted in significantly higher rates of self-citation than previously seen (Scarpa et al. While marked outliers are detectable, they are not present in all fields and they cannot be excluded by a single universal arbiter such as a percentile. We used WOS to determine the difference in rates at which Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles from 24 top medical journals are being cited. impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. Toward the more effective identification of journals with anomalous self-citation. Porter, A. L. (1977). For all years, Microbiology papers in the 10% percentile received a minimum of 38 citations. Using information provided in Clarivates 2020 Journal Citation Reports [9] published on June 30, 2021, the top three journals by impact factor were selected from eight scientific categories as defined by WOS. Author self-citations in the field of ecology. Scientometrics,56(2), 235246. ScienceDirect is a database that contains over 25% of the worlds science, technology and medicine full text and bibliographic information (journals and books) published by Elsevier and other publishers. The impact of the national assessment exercises on self-citation rate and publication venue: An empirical investigation on the engineering academic sector in Italy. Viiu, G. A. Small (2004) offered a synthesis of motives for citation, in which citations serve a dual function as vehicles of peer recognition and constructed symbols for specific original achievements. In practice, self-citation seems rarely to be an activity located at one pole or the otherdisinterestedness (Mertonian) or interestedness (social constructivist)but generally to occupy some middle ground along a spectrum of motivations and meanings. Self-citation is the hallmark of productive authors, of any gender. According to the Web of Science Science Citation Index Expanded (WOS), which includes more than 8,300 journals across 150 scientific disciplines, nearly 200,000 Covid-19 related papers were published or presented in 24 months between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 [5]. Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H.-D. (2008). Our focus was not the detection of gaming, which carries motive, but rather to identify evidence of the peer recognition that is the ultimate coin of the domain of science and scholarship (Merton 1995) and that yet permits the inclusion of self-citation which, as summarized above, proves to be an integral component of research publication and communication and far too difficult to treat on a case-by-case basis within a large dataset. Scientometrics,42(3), 423428. Part I: Articles and their characteristics", Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, "Relation between online "hit counts" and subsequent citations: Prospective study of research papers in the BMJ", "Can Tweets Predict Citations? Detecting h-index manipulation through self-citation analysis. In many journals, there was discrepancy between the number of Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles. Self-citation and self-reference: Credibility and promotion in academic publication. These outliers may be distinguished graphically by setting a threshold related to the inter-quartile range of the relevant dataset. 2006; Glnzel 2008; van Raan 2008; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. A negative binomial regression model was used to assess for potential confounding variables (Table 3). Learned Publishing,22(1), 511. Ladle, R. J., Todd, P. A., & Malhado, A. C. M. (2012). Gender differences in synchronous and diachronous self-citations. On the skewness of journal self-citations and publisher self-citations: Cues for discussion from a case study. Kaplan, N. (1965). A/B = 2021 impact factor. Probing the effect of author self-citations on h index: A case study of environmental engineering. Other companies report similar metrics, such as the CiteScore (CS), based on Scopus. In W. Glnzel, H. F. Moed, U. Schmoch, & M. Thelwall (Eds. Schubert, A. 2019; Biagioli et al. A = citations in published articles in 2020 and 2021 by indexed journals during 2022. Merton later included humility in one description of the norms of scientific research (Merton 1957). The self-citation pattern is different to other sciences and rates appear generally to be higher. The 919,038 papers received a total of 4,667,747 citations. Further, 91% of the papers under the Article category in the database were classified as original works by the journals themselves. To explore the variation in self-citation by field, a standard visualisation was created to evaluate the profile of the bulk of the population and the location within that profile of the median and upper and lower quartiles. Although the trajectory changes and the range extends beyond the high threshold there is no break with the overall distribution. The concept of self-citation (self-referencing or self-citation) can also be defined narrowly or broadly, that is, including or not including coauthors (Snyder and Bonzi 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel et al. ESI is a compilation of science performance statistics and science trends data using data from Clarivate Analytics Web of Science. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Cumulative advantage and the symbolism of intellectual property. Thus, an articles focus on Covid-19 seems to be a primary driver of increased citations for these articles compared to those that do not deal with a Covid-19 related topic. 2006). Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,68(4), 10361047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.11.001. The h-index and self-citations. The linear thresholds were therefore plotted on the log-plots rather than calculating a log-normal value which would have been very inclusive with few indicative outliers. [23], Citations are distributed highly unequally among researchers. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,52(2), 87108. How much is too much? In addition, self-citation rises with number of authors on a publication, as is also seen for citation impact (van Raan 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel and Thijs 2004b; Leblond 2012; Lin and Huang 2012; Larivive et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277100100107. For example, a global set might consist of all articles in the field of chemistry publishedin 2006. Yu, T., Yu, G., Song, Y., & Wang, M. Y. Other journal-level metrics include the Eigenfactor, and the SCImago Journal Rank. The method to calculate the impact factor of The Social Science Journal is as follows. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21042. If there are indeed a significant number of individuals who abuse the conventional research system by inappropriate practice then why does the system not detect and sanction this at review before publication? PLoS ONE, 13(9), article number e0195773. Scientometrics,77(2), 373375. [15], Citation distribution is skewed for journals because a very small number of articles is driving the vast majority of citations; therefore, some journals have stopped publicizing their impact factor, e.g. Separate data are shown for career-long and single . https://doi.org/10.2307/2089193. We conduct our search using keywords Covid-19, coronavirus, and sars-cov-2 to locate publications with these words in the title. In our study, we use Clarivates Web of ScienceScience Citation Index Expanded database to identify Covid-19 papers published in 24 major scientific journals over a period of 24 months from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. While originality and priority are goals for scientists, self-promotion at the cost of disinterestedness and humility was to Merton, and is today, a violation at least in terms of community ideals if not always in reality (Macfarlane and Cheng 2008; Anderson et al. Scientometrics,66(1), 7180. proposed a statistical method to evaluate the universality of citation impact metrics, i.e., their capability to compare impact fairly across fields. Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T. N., & Bordons, M. (2010). Journal of Psychosomatic Research,78(1), 711. https://doi.org/10.1556/650.2016.30443. (defined by research field and publication year) by the total number of papers Fowler, J. H., & Aksnes, D. W. (2007). Finally, the model was adjusted to account for the discrepancy in volume between non-Covid-19 papers and Covid-19 papers. Observation of the field profile is more informative than any average value and, for most fields, the central range lies below 10% self-citation. So the RCR would be 9 citations per year / 6 citations per year = 1.5 The field of Pharmacology and Toxiciology stands out for a different reason. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026644. Finally, articles containing the keywords Covid-19, coronavirus, or SARS-CoV-2 in the title were selected to provide an average citation rate for Covid-19-related articles. 2019; Kacem et al. So we would take 8 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 23 citations. The article's average annual citation rate would be (10 + 5 + 12) / 3 = 9 citations per year. A users guide to inflated and manipulated impact factors. Since the purpose of analysing highly cited research is to recognize scientists and social scientists with community-wide influence, which such portfolios lack, we introduced a filter to detect and review those whose high citation profile was in fact narrow and substantially self-generated.
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