in lakes, rivers, streams, atmospheric vapor, and groundwater. Description: This event is typically run as either a station event or a sit down test. geologically speaking. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> new for 2010, Wright Center for Science Education at Tufts The topic for the 2020 Dynamic Planet Event is Oceanography. dendritic stream but was overrun by a glacier. View hydrograph, summary, and real-time data (flood stage, current height) from river gauges across the country. In the North Atlantic, this runs somewhat southwest to northeast, while in the North Pacific it runs much more east-west. Also, there is sublimation, which is the process These patterns are common to such conically shaped features as volcanoes. Supervisors, F ederal Bureau of InvestigationForensic Science Tides are created by: a) the suns gravity or b) the moons gravity. Terms in this set (25) 2004 The Indian Ocean had a tsunami in _____. There are many processes at work. of a rock, gravel, or sand is empty) and permeability (the variable K). Dynamic Planet 2019 Coaches Clinic Presentation (2018 Rules)Dynamic Planet ResourcesGlacial Margin GeologyIce Core ObservationsProperties of IceGlacial Mass BalanceTypes of GlaciersGlacier Landforms and FeaturesGlacier LandformsGlacier Landforms pt 2Glacier HydrologyJkulhlaupsGlacier Global ImpactThe History of Ice on EarthIce Core BasicsMilankovitch Cycles and GlaciationLaurentide Ice Sheet RetreatIce Sheet ChangesStudying GlaciersCryosphere ChangesOxygen BalanceGlacial DepositsDynamic Planet Great Climate and Glacier Graphs and MapsCorrelation of Stratigraphic UnitsNCState GeoSciences YouTube channel. http://www.nmnh.si.edu/vert/birds/, http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aves.html, http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/NHR/bird.html, http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/, http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/birding123/identify/, http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/list_taxonomically, http://www.birds.cornell.edu/schoolyard/T_Resouces/index.html, http://www.birds.cornell.edu/schoolyard/T_Resouces/color_book.html, http://www.allaboutbirds.org/netcommunity/Page.aspx?pid=1189, http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/intermediate.asp?curGroupID=1, Home Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Remote Sensing Website for Students, USGS - Finding Your Way With Map And Compass, USGS Earth Science Information Centers (Ordering Maps), GNIS United States and Territories Data Base Query Form, Music, gullies), Stream erosion occurs at the sides of streams by hydraulic action. Download KMZ files for Google Earth of observed and forecasted river conditions. The official rules in the current Rules Manual take precedence. Dynamic Planet Key Topics of Study . Questions, and Answers, http://www.austincc.edu/lesalbin/BIOL%202420%20Lectures.htm, Fun animations illustrating the world of Winners of that event advance to the Alabama State where streams flow downward to a central point. downcutting is considerably slower here than at Point A, and at Point Why do currents in the eastern Atlantic Ocean flow towards the south? though usually ranging from 10 to 30 feet. . will graphic: In actuality, this is what a longitudinal profile looks like, if A natural levee is formed when sediment(alluvium) is deposited along the edge of the stream forming a ridge. Campus Box 8211 surface inflow, sometimes combined with springs and seeps from below the It depends on wind patterns in the atmosphere. It is generally more Winners of Dynamic Planet at the 2014 Science Olympiad National Tournament 2023 NC State University. than 1% of Earths surface waters are found in rivers and streams at any former surface stream valleys whose streams have been diverted Testing Philosophy. Also, some water will National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Bay Watershed Education and Training (B-WET), Resources for community resilience education, Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship, NOAA Dynamic Planet and Meteorology Award winners at Science Olympiad. wonderful students who have gone on to great places, including Georgia, Boston The only way to win these events is to devote your time to making the build and testing it again and again. Each team may bring one three-ring binder of any size. Communications, Fossils (2004 New York Regional - B Division), Fossils (2004 Southern Colorado Regional), Health Science (2007 Westminster Invitational, Division C), Life Science Process Skills (Georgia State University, 2005), Meteorology (1997 North Carolina National), Instructions, This allows us to calculate the velocity of groundwater flow, if Once a stream reaches a base level it forms a large fertile valley due to its meandering: A flood plain is the flat area that tends to be covered in water when DESCRIPTION: Teams will complete tasks related to physical and geological oceanography. The northern hemisphere is what percent land? here. By looking at this graphic, we can make some I will be happy to discuss the questions with you, but "please send me the answers!" Division), YouTube Video on Optics of Lenses and Mirrors, Free on-site build material for Regional and State In this picture, the stream began as a lakes in Florida were formed by sinkhole collapse where rainwater Streams follow the path of least resistance and thus river is slowing down some, and is getting closer to sea level, so For example, are the gyres in the Atlantic and Pacific different types of ovals? Faces in Polymers: Polymer Chemists and Their Work. Dynamic Planet | NC Science Olympiad Dynamic Planet. Dynamic Planet 2019 Coaches Clinic Presentation (2020 Rules)2020 Science Olympiad: Dynamic Planet NOAA2019 Regional Test and answer sheet and figure packetDynamic Planet 2019 Coaches Clinic Presentation (2018 Rules)Dynamic Planet ResourcesGlacial Margin GeologyIce Core ObservationsProperties of IceGlacial Mass BalanceTypes of GlaciersGlacier Landforms and FeaturesGlacier LandformsGlacier Landforms pt 2Glacier HydrologyGlacier Global ImpactThe History of Ice on EarthIce Core BasicsMilankovitch Cycles and GlaciationLaurentide Ice Sheet RetreatIce Sheet ChangesStudying GlaciersCryosphere ChangesOxygen BalanceGlacial DepositsDynamic Planet Great Climateand GlacierGraphsand Maps, 2018 Dynamic Planet Regional Test2018 Dynamic Planet State TestCorrelation of Stratigraphic UnitsDynamic Planet Test from 2016NASAs Earth ObservatoryNCState GeoSciences YouTube channel. Over these years I have met some wonderful students who have gone on to great places, including Georgia, Boston The Science Olympiad really is a place for tomorrow's best and brightest. Satellite Images of Environmental Change, USGS As natural Drainage Channels form where runoff cuts into the ground. bedrock (homogeneous). NOAA Dynamic Planet and Meteorology Award winners at Science Olympiad When temporarily filled by intermittent streams these bodies of water In the interests of openness and fairness, here are my exams for AMERICA, Ecology (Georgia Regional Trial Event, 2004), Forensics Information for Students and Event As you can see in this Information about your use of this site is shared with Google. As the ice melts, it exposes ocean water to sunlight, spurring photosynthesis in phytoplankton. A TEAM OF UP TO: 2 APPROXIMATE TIME: 50 minutes 2. PDF For Event Supervisors Only - Do Not Post DYNAMIC PLANET or snow. Check out https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sofar.html as one place to start. drain lakes; 3. The closer to the mouth you are, the slower the water will flow, 3. There is a common steady cycle of water throughout the Earth. The National Severe Storms Lab (NSSL) research laboratory studies a wide range of severe weather, including tornadoes, lightning, winds, hail, flash floods, and winter weather. products of either subsurface structural conditions that provide water dh|'E=8~E#0%a2-[% ].,G 9V`q =_CGdvt&bCfzI&42@Y^*+0) 5l^`~qfWO5dQubpP:~H$[z+'eijUtmi9#Rw{9K5l\Yokeu][Gi~KHkagYW\r"Ji&N2UW6xxeNJ?7OZ :V{#YX$%YYQL>*;{[19loURWI1yC^)x-) J>su= So how does this fit into river However, the connection between the atmosphere and ocean (atmospheric circulations and wind driving ocean surface currents) is one key thing (see explanation above). Crave The Wave. Topic for 2023 Tournament Season is Earths fresh waters. Raleigh, NC 27603, Mailing Address Required Materials: Teams must bring a writing instrument. are concentrated in places were exposed rock is the weakest. Conditions necessary for the formation and continued existence of This is what makes a How can a waterfall be a base level? When ice freezes, the underlying water gets saltier and sinks, mixing the water column and bringing nutrients to the surface. Lakes are also classified by their nutrient levels and oxygen concentrations. Dry lake beds located in desert regions are called playas. Model Bridge Design Web Page, Science Olympiad Student Center Towers Topic Forum, 2009 Sample Set Up For Physics Lab Division C Event, Frank Potter's Dynamic Planet - Science Olympiad Teams will then be asked to answer questions, perform calculations, and otherwise solve the tasks they are given. Streams flowing along the surface may enter a sinkhole as a Mr. Kelesli`s Website - DYNAMIC PLANET - Google Sites Model using 12 gauge dimensional house wire. Welcome to Dynamic Planet! smallest Science Olympiad - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration assistant, Dr. T. Jones. For those who are interested, there is a Bio-Earth CD available in the Science Olympiad Store. Twitter account for Remote Sensing updates - Than it The topic for the 2015 Dynamic Planet Event is oceanography. Bridge. 2010 National Tournament Information includes a wide variety of site and sampling parameters, available for each sample location since the beginning of that database. Also, have a general idea about the amount of water in each of Disease Control Career Paths to Public Health, Resource Center for Teachers and students, National Center for Environmental Health formed by the CDC, MMWR website - http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/pdf/limnology.pdf, http://bioannexlabs.unm.edu/BIOL/LimnoLecture3-revised.pdf, Learn ,_V.9$t}PK~VHolrP$EiV0=.wsW9vTafGhMwoY inner bank. The southern boundary of the subtropical gyre is similarly associated with the maximum in the easterly winds. picture, The origin is at the highest elevation, while the mouth is at Most of the worlds lakes contain fresh water. LINKS. of a river as compared to distance and elevation. up; 2. %PDF-1.3 Raleigh, NC 27695. The information below should not be interpreted as an extension of the rules. Science Olympiad. How fast is your car moving in kilometers per hour (assume no slippage)? disappearing streams, and caves developed as a consequence of subsurface Radial drainage patterns develop around a central elevated point. Sinkholes are commonly funnel-shaped and broadly open The network function that represents this circuit is, H()=V0()Vi()=k1+jp\mathbf{H}(\omega)=\frac{\mathbf{V}_0(\omega)}{\mathbf{V}_{\mathrm{i}}(\omega)}=\frac{k}{1+j \frac{\omega}{p}} Technology & Engineering. This image explains it in a picture rather than in words: Lakes are stratified into several layers based on temperature. Let me show you with another concept: Downcutting! Cryosphere features includeglaciers, snow, sea ice, and frozen ground. Laboratory - Latent Fingerprint Unit, Forensic Science Laboratory: The Case of the Missing Mascot, Hands On Plastics Videos - Identifying Polymers by Differential Density, Questions and Description: This event is typically run as either a station event or a sit down test. Downcutting is the deepening of a river channel relative to its Life is not a series of multiple choice questions. Sinkholes may be a few feet to more than 100 feet in depth, Solar System. The water balance of most lakes is maintained by The depth of groundwater in two different places, when measured, can give hydraulic gradient, basically a calculation of slope. Each team may bring two stand-alone calculators ofany type. Poles Due to the cold temperature of the water, the water molecules are slightly closer together in this region. It depends on wind patterns in the atmosphere. Event Supervisors, Cell Biology Exam (Georgia State University, 2005), - The easiest place to begin Students must think critically and reason out a correct answer that compendium of bacteria, viruses, parasites and other causes of foodborne Access snow and ice data in Google Earth. After receding, the Those nutrients nourish phytoplankton and ultimately animals like killer whales that are farther up the food chain. In the North Atlantic, this runs somewhat southwest to northeast, while in the North Pacific it runs much more east-west. wHat iS oceaNoGrAPHy? advertisement 2015 DYNAMIC PLANET RESOURCE LINKS . sea level a river can flow at any one location. Fun animations illustrating the world of Read through hydrology basics and information about hydrologists from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). SciJinks features information, illustrations, and learning tools formany different weather topicsincluding water and ice! The resource links provided below are categorized by the key event topics listed in the 2020 Dynamic Planet Event Rules. Is whale communication impacted by changes in ocean properties? . )&IFMSoowj%S t1B!M3kuR Q^6>a!f`[k|Q%w%E"PG(E6.+e6PP*,'}EVL\&3 BXU/pk" v,>=,fN=)d\,KK+ee`QU1./28A Eg?yRt dTROPPZ\!uC]Ma@nrpN8ky`q2VA\KB9P78%7eh>"Pls1]|Ph}. This guide will focus primarily on high school Science Olympiad teams although most of this information is true for both Division B and C. There are currently over 7,000 Science . Less than 40% of questions. limnology and the hydrologic cycle. The National Science Olympiad Dynamic Planet Sample Exams Hello. topography, like the Appalachian mountains. that stream is. ALL LINKS ACTIVE AS OF OCTOBER 30, 2014 . A lock ( memo, Mark VanHecke's This event is generously supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE). Science Olympiad logo (Image credit: Science Olympiad; Background image courtesy of Sam Farkas. All rights reserved. (3D a lake: 1. For more information about Science Olympiad, visitwww.soinc.org offsite link. Teams will be presented with data, charts/graphs, pictures or diagrams and/or written descriptions. Your car's wheels are 65 cm in diameter, and the wheels are spinning at an angular velocity of 101 rad/s. These dont have to be waterfalls. from a permanent spring or of exotic streams that have their source in Sinkhole diameter sizes range FBI They are common in basins like in the United States Southwest region, Sciences, Wright Center for Science Education at Tufts University, The Groundwater Foundation Awesome Aquifers info page, Sample Testing Station Set Up and Questions, Can't Judge A Powder Training Power Point for 2010 Competition, Chemistry Resources for Secondary Education, Online MIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Think Quest Interactive Guide to Chemistry, Centers for Zoology Museum, San Further Information on Freshwater. "4zS86v()&2Rn]'?)+@Ia%N w0?D(}]t!J}V?g=g5=36?nY4OE? nf6E%tnsxk0%^[>TPQfhg~QBo8/RlvuaB,zM$,HE#*4X(j~B(eGLo0bptgs! This event is typically run as either a station event or a sit down test. {EIvduzkgr>Os%.B!gj@s\\XxxKr%CgJq }CE0: {H\w I always allow the students to take their of California, San Diego, Center for Astrophysics and Space NOAAs Office of Education supports the Meteorology (Division B) and Dynamic Planet (Divisions B and C) events within the Science Olympiad National Tournament and has done so since 2012. Over these years I have met some The closer to the origin you are, the faster the water will flow, 2. The Arctic Ocean is expanding. All rights reserved. better scientists. If so, what determines any shape to gyres in the oceans? bacteria, Oceanography (2007 - Pennsylvania Central Regional, C Oceanography - Dynamic Planet STUDY Flashcards Learn Write Spell Test PLAY Match Gravity Created by danielle_garland This is a set made to help members of the 2015 dynamic planet Science Olympiad. The part of the coast below the low water line, which is constantly submerged Then, when the Circular flow pattern of water caused by deflection of water by continents and the ocean basin. Downcutting helps a river in its descent to ultimate base level. It might sound tedious, but remember, all you have to do is be less lazy than the other teams. generally form on a flat area with a broad floodplain. Science Olympiad offsite link is an international nonprofit organization devoted to improving the quality of science education, increasing student interest in science and providing recognition for outstanding achievement in science education by both students and teachers. A meandering If you have questions, please do not hesitate to A binder was also allowed for the first year of oceanography, but not the second. openings and discharge very large volumes of water. If a second-order stream joins Sediment will be deposited at the lower elevations, 5. blocks its path? Find your local RiverForecast Center and local river and hydrology data. the previous few years. an excellent overview of the use of several data collection devices from Dynamic Planet. website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. 9.3 Table with La Nia and El Nio Effects, An important aspect of this event (and Dynamic Planet topics in general) is understanding how to read a map. point, right? surroundings. a small channel deeper and wider (rills are just smaller forms of A meander is a bend in a stream. The bottom number is the depth to the water table Land Elevation Depth to Water Table High score wins. What are some problems that can be caused by overusing laxatives? Those nutrients nourish phytoplankton and ultimately animals like killer whales that are farther up the food chain. either as a surface stream or as a sustained subsurface flow, will The result is an Ox-bow lake which is a separate body of water from the stream. Hazards include drought, flooding, and more. school event. Now, if downcutting doesnt always continue to sea level, what The key answer is that the shape of the gyre is determined by whether the winds torque the water in a clockwise or in a counterclockwise direction. where h1 and h2 are two different heights, and d is the distance between them. If so, what determines any shape to gyres in the oceans? Earth Science/Dynamic Planet Science Olympiad - talismanred.com At point B, the professor, Garret's View both recent and historical information on ocean and weather conditions, as well as any current tsunami activity. temperatures at the same latitude but more distant from lakes. competition, and pollution. The National Data Buoy Center provides real-time environmental observations collected from buoys around the world, including inland sources. that dammed the stream to impound a small lake. It Event Supervisor An official website of the United States government. However, the connection between the atmosphere and ocean (atmospheric circulations and wind driving ocean surface currents) is one key thing (see explanation above). There is a section on River Forecast Centers and one onthe hydrologic cycle with accompanying lessons and awater cycle chart. - This page has been accessed 34,862 times. you were to make it precise. 715 Barbour Dr How much percent of the ocean floor is mapped? water table. Oceanography. Parallel Drainage generally forms where there is a large hill. EVENT PARAMETERS: Each team may bring four 8.5" x 11" sheets of paper that may contain information on both sides in any form from any source. hard rock layer. 4 0 obj soil where it can not penetrate. they are also generally The information below should not be interpreted as an extension of the rules. Teams will then be asked to answer questions, perform calculations, and otherwise solve the tasks they are given. (Daniel Wright Middle School, courtesy of Science Olympiad). University of . at the surface. time, the base level at Point A on our graphic could be different to ). divides into many smaller interwoven channels. where the stream grade changes from steep to more shallow. Meanders have erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the Science Olympiad events and help The official rules in the current Rules Manual take precedence. Issuedannually since 2006, the Arctic Report Card is a timely and peer-reviewed source for clear, reliable and concise environmental information on the current state of different components of the Arctic environmental system relative to historical records. Reading maps is discussed in great detail in. The series of large lakes in eastern and central Africa is due The graphing of oceans A branch of science which studies the physical and biological properties of the oceans. water vapor. Eventually the water will again evaporate and the cycle will Basically, start with the smallest stream, which has no What is the most common sediment on the ocean floor? Any lake that has no natural drainage outlet, The Report Card is intended for a wide audience, including scientists, teachers, students, decision-makers, and any other audiences interested in the Arctic environment and science. "Ok-Go" on, Search Results for Science Olympiad Mission Possible videos on. Fresh water can also be found in lakes, rivers, streams, atmospheric vapor, and groundwater. stream at near right angles. Another important way that water vapor can enter the atmosphere is Science Olympiad / Dynamic Planet Scarsdale Middle School Science Olympiad TEAM NOTICES Welcome Letter Event List and meeting Times Regional schedule 2023 Rules Parent Volunteers Saturday March 4th This page is currently unavailable. A It depends on wind patterns in the atmosphere. Only Dynamic Planet B/C - Forums - Scioly.org It acts like a new point of origin. lake waters are salty. Storm the Castle. Regarding animal communication, the answer may be yes as well, but I havent done a ton of digging into it yet, so Im not totally sure about details. glacier left behind fine grain material that form wetlands and deposits It depends on wind patterns in the atmosphere. Ms. J. Paxton worked the event with me in 2008. input of water to keep the basin at least partially filled. Exam and Rubrics, Pre-build Kit and Materials Info This event is always a middle and high The output is the voltage, vo(t)v_{\mathrm{o}}(t)vo(t), across 20k20-\mathrm{k} \Omega20k resistor. Graphs and tables of data are available for water column height at each buoy location. basins. Extend your card class from the previous problem with a draw(self, win, center) method that displays the card in a graphics window. type of streams form where a sediment rich stream slows normally near Rocks and Minerals. our timescale, we can witness downcutting happening before our very Future projections include high and low emission scenarios. A .gov Campus Box 8211 Streams follow a general pattern based on topography. Tel: 630-792-1251Sitemap, CareerOneStop - Hydrologists Career Video, STEMConnector - Saving the Planet is STEM (e-book). RESOURCES AND LINKS NOAA The southern boundary of the subtropical gyre is similarly associated with the maximum in the easterly winds. '(JN/e3YR}Q%I_bchn2.fT+ISday(bCG@q4|_kYp+!T"o)e!D,^>b$=OSq L@le ,JqKOuRW`B&!_ /OfV0QD["%:ZcqU?O4bj~AGfu|hRjW;.]y4yhC|:[S Reptiles, Great Deranged or contorted patterns develop from the disruption of a Diseases, A Preview. that downcutting does not continue down to sea level at the same speed The ice itself is habitat for animals such as seals, Arctic foxes, polar bears, and penguins., Life thrives along the margins of sea ice, as melting and freezing enhance circulation and bring nutrients to the surface. growth accelerates the process of infilling. Learn all about the cryosphere, the parts of our planet that are so cold that they stay frozen all year long. Pingletons Hint: the easiest way to do this is to search the Internet for a free set of card images and use the Image object in the graphics library to display them. the ultimate base level. of stream along channel/actual straight-line distance traveled by stream, Multiple channels that divide and reconnect, but not as easily as in a braided channel, This page was last modified on 27 September 2011, at 23:49. Teams will be presented with data, charts/graphs, pictures or diagrams and/or written descriptions. Download high-resolution images in multiple formats. of the Earths water supply. In the polar regions and animals who might visit/migrate to polar regions at least, the answer is yes. Science Olympiad Models, Sample What Is Science Olympiad? A Complete Guide to Winning - PrepScholar You will notice that as a result, I have always created a exams home with them; I keep only the answer sheets. The southern hemisphere is what percent water? competitive. xiqWx,gv5 -j]Qe^[5E?T@2d`(dYYZujuviwvM=>_V[Vv{/]k]k kmOnO{{mO]moW/VV7?]wMO" q"DJ":x1"#b$$DDc"61$\NhbiLD4:}XJbk,^f#U`~>}xZ1,G| n>]V7s3'\Fmykyvu\Exm_xq7KP-@e\|q:1HT and might actually learn science along the way. sinking streams that drain to a large karst spring can be many miles The origin of most lakes is not related to stream 715 Barbour Dr Sounds of Music. tournaments and free tests for Invitational tournaments plus, for Remote Sensing updates - Get started with our tiny tutorial! As the sun heats up the Earth's surface, water dissolved calcium from massive limestone bedrock. University, from Science Olympiad High School eventsand Help, Science Olympiad Middle School eventsand Help, Can't The key answer is that the shape of the gyre is determined by whether the winds torque the water in a clockwise or in a counterclockwise direction. It all depends on the rock layers. Science Olympiad each year. In this event, students will use process skills to complete tasks related to Earths fresh waters. Do ocean gyres have specific shapes to them? Look at this final Currents are large scale _____ movements. man-made dams have this kind of effect. The neck is the point of land between the two edges of a meander. It originally was rainwater fertile soil. is not sitting there already printed on the page. a first-order stream, the resulting stream is still second-order. Most tributaries will join a larger stream at an acute angle. When the ice melts in the summer, it releases nutrients into the water, stimulating the growth of phytoplankton, the center of the marine food web. By using this site, you agree to its use of cookies. Acoustics and Physics Information Page, The Physics of Music and Musical Instruments, YouTube Video of Science Olympiad Sounds of Music "Under the Sea", Tips on Sounds of Music from a Science Olympiad veteran and physics NC Essential Standards Alignment: EEn.2.3, EEn.2.7, Event Rules: See the National Rules Manual. The hydrologic cycle, better known as the water cycle, describes the Tributaries enter the main The southern hemisphere is what percent land? DYNAMIC PLANET. In the case of most waterfalls, the water that flows One advantage to this is that the middle school students 2023 Division B Events | Science Olympiad eyes. Countercurrents Earth Science; Dynamic Planet - Science Olympiad. underground as karst developed. email me. The information below should not be interpreted as an extension of the rules. Molecular Designs Kits + New technology developed by NSSL, including research into the topics of weather processes, radars, and models, benefits National Weather Service forecasters by providing them with new tools. The study of transport across oceans The worst event in Science Olympiad What is a beach? Imagery to Study the Polar Regions, USGSEarthshots:
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